Pannella List
Pannella List Associazione Politica Nazionale Lista Marco Pannella | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Leader | Marco Pannella |
| Founded | 1992 |
| Dissolved | 1999 |
| Succeeded by | Bonino List |
| Headquarters |
Via di Torre Argentina, 76 Rome |
| Newspaper | Radio Radicale (FM radio) |
| Ideology |
Liberalism Libertarianism Pro-Europeanism |
| Political position | Centre-right[1] |
| National affiliation |
Pole of Freedoms (1994–96) Pole of Good Government (1994–96) Pole for Freedoms (1996)[2] none (1996-) |
| European affiliation | None |
| European Parliament group | European Radical Alliance |
| Colours | Gold |
Pannella List (Italian: Lista Pannella) was a liberal and libertarian electoral list active in the 1990s in Italy. Its long-standing leader and standard-bearer was Marco Pannella, who had been the historical leader of the Radical Party (PR) from 1963 to 1989.
History
When the PR was transformed into Transnational Radical Party, an NGO working at the UN level and coordinating the efforts of several national parties and groupings mainly in support of human rights, in 1989, the Italian Radicals were free to join the party of their choice. Several party activists joined the Rainbow Greens (Francesco Rutelli, Adelaide Aglietta, etc.), others launched Yes Referendum (Marcello Pera, Massimo Teodori, etc.), while the bulk of them joined Pannella and organized themselves into the Pannella Clubs' Movement. This group presented itself in Italian elections from 1992 to 1999 ilists including Pannella's name: Lista Pannella, Lista Pannella-Rifomatori, Lista Pannella-Sgarbi, etc.
Pannella List made its first appearance in the 1992 general election, winning 1.2% of the vote, while Yes Referendum stopped at 0.8%. The PR had historically been considered a left-libertarian political movement in Italy (often proposing itself as the most extreme opposition to the Italian political establishment), but, when Silvio Berlusconi entered the political arena in 1994, Pannella decided to support his policies (meant to introduce libertarian economical principles), albeit critically and without becoming directly involved in his centre-right governmental cabinets, in the hope of a "liberal revolution" as opposed to the conservative and statist political establishment represented both by established centre-right and centre-left parties.
In the 1994 general election Pannella List won 3.5% of the vote (despite not being present in some key regions), 6 deputies and 2 senators, all elected thanks to an alliance with Berlusconi's Forza Italia. The twisted relationship between the Radicals and Berlusconi, whose allies included socially conservative parties opposed to the Radicals, soon ended. Following the 1994 European election, the Pannella List's MEPs formed the European Radical Alliance group with MEPs from the French Energie Radicale and member parties of the European Free Alliance.[3]
The Pannella List was replaced by the Bonino List for the 1999 European Parliament election. The new list was named for Emma Bonino, a leading Radical who had been member of the European Commission from 1995 to 1999 (appointed by Berlusconi), after the unsuccessful "Emma for President" campaign.
Electoral relults
Italian Parliament
| Chamber of Deputies | |||||
| Election year | # of overall votes |
% of overall vote |
# of overall seats won |
+/– | Leader |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1992 | 485,694 (#12) | 1.24 | 7 / 630 |
|
|
| 1994 | 1,359,283 (#8) | 3.51 | 0 / 630 |
 7 |
|
| 1996 | 702,988 (#10) | 1.88 | 0 / 630 |
 |
|
| Senate of the Republic | |||||
| Election year | # of overall votes |
% of overall vote |
# of overall seats won |
+/– | Leader |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1992 | 166,708 (#16) | 0.50 | 0 / 315 |
|
|
| 1994 | 767,765 (#6) | 2.32 | 1 / 315 |
 1 |
|
| 1996 | 509,826 (#6) | 1.56 | 1 / 315 |
|
|
European Parliament
| Election year | # of overall votes |
% of overall vote |
# of overall seats won |
+/– | Leader |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1994 | 702,717 (#9) | 2.13 | 3 / 87 |
|
|
References
- ↑ Lansford, Thomas (2015). Political Handbook of the World. CQ Press.
- ↑ Köppl, Stefan (2007). Das politische System Italiens: Eine Einführung. Springer-Verlag. p. 98. ISBN 978-3-531-14068-1.
- ↑ Peter Lynch (1998). "Co-operation between regionalists parties at the level of the European Union: the European Free Alliance". In Lieven De Winter; Huri Tursan. Regionalist Parties in Western Europe. Routledge. p. 20–. ISBN 978-1-134-71201-4.