Panorpa
| Panorpa | |
|---|---|
 | |
| female P. vulgaris | |
Scientific classification  | |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Mecoptera |
| Family: | Panorpidae |
| Genus: | Panorpa Linnaeus, 1758 |
| Species | |
|
See text | |
Panorpa is a genus of scorpionflies that is widely dispersed in the Northern hemisphere. However, they do not occur in the western USA and Canada.
About 240 species are described as of 2007.
Larvae and adults feed on carrion.[1]
The species P. vulgaris, has become a model insect for testing theories of sexual selection as its mating system has been noted to be similar to that of humans in some aspects.[2] Studies show that both sexes of the species display mating preferences for direct (e.g. nuptial gifts) and indirect benefits (e.g. genetic benefits) to increase reproductive success. The production of nuptial gifts during copulation in males (e.g. salivary secretion) and high nutritional condition in females are indicators of "good foraging genes", an indirect benefit that individuals look for in their partners. These genetic benefits can increase fitness in offspring and improve their foraging ability.[3]
Species
- This list is adapted from the World Checklist of extant Mecoptera species: Panorpa and complete as of 1997.
- Panorpa acuminata Byers, 1993 (USA: Georgia)
- Panorpa acuta Carpenter, 1931 (USA: Connecticut, Georgia, Kentucky, Massachusetts, Michigan, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, North Carolina, Pennsylvania, South Carolina, Tennessee, Virginia, West Virginia)
- Panorpa akasakai Issiki, 1929 (Taiwan)
- Panorpa alpina Rambur, 1842 (Europe)
- Panorpa amamiensis Miyamoto & Makihara, 1984 (Japan)
- Panorpa americana Swederus, 1787 (USA: Alabama, Delaware, Florida, Georgia, Louisiana, Mississippi, New Jersey, North Carolina, South Carolina, Virginia)
- Panorpa amurensis MacLachlan, 1872 (Korea, Russia: Far Eastern Province)
- Panorpa angustistriata Issiki, 1929 (Taiwan)
- Panorpa annexa MacLachlan, 1869 (France, Germany, Sicily, Italy)
- Panorpa annexa latina Navás, 1928 (Italy)
- Panorpa annexa subalpina Navás, 1928 (Italy)
- Panorpa annexa etrusca Willmann, 1976 (Italy)
- Panorpa anomala Carpenter, 1931 (USA: Arkansas, Iowa, Illinois, Indiana, Kansas, Louisiana, Michigan, Missouri, Mississippi, Wisconsin)
- Panorpa anrenensis Chou & Wang, 1987 (China)
- Panorpa antiporum Nagler, 1968 (Romania)
- Panorpa apiconebulosa Issiki, 1929 (Taiwan)
- Panorpa approximata Esben-Petersen, 1915 (Korea)
- Panorpa arakavae Miyake, 1913 (Japan)
- Panorpa arcuata (Navás), 1912 (former USSR)
- Panorpa aspoecki Willmann, 1973 (Turkey)
- Panorpa attenuata Byers, 1996 (Mexico: San Luis Potosí)
- Panorpa aurea Cheng, 1957 (China: Fukien)
- Panorpa azteca Byers, 1958 (Mexico: D.F., Mexico)
- Panorpa banksi Hine, 1901 (USA: Georgia, Iowa, Illinois, Indiana, Kentucky, Massachusetts, Maine, Michigan, Mississippi, North Carolina, New York, South Carolina)
- Panorpa babai Miyamoto, 1979 (Japan)
- Panorpa banksiana Penny & Byers, 1979 (USA: North Carolina, New Jersey)
- Panorpa baohwashana Cheng, 1957 (China: Kiangsu)
- Panorpa bichai Byers, 1993 (USA: Indiana, Tennessee)
- Panorpa bicornifera Chou & Wang, 1981 (China)
- Panorpa bicornuta MacLachlan, 1887 (Japan)
- Panorpa bifasciata Chou & Wang, 1981 (China)
- Panorpa bifida Carpenter, 1935 (USA: Ohio, Pennsylvania, Tennessee, Virginia, West Virginia)
- Panorpa bimacula Byers, 1996 (Mexico: Oaxaca)
- Panorpa bistriata Issiki, 1929 (Taiwan)
- Panorpa bonis Cheng, 1949 (China: Kansu)
- Panorpa braueri Carpenter, 1931 (USA: Arkansas, Missouri)
- Panorpa brevicornis Hua & Li, 2007 (China)
- Panorpa brevititilana Issiki, 1929 (Taiwan)
- Panorpa bunun Issiki, 1929 (Taiwan)
- Panorpa byersi Hua & Huang, 2007 (China)
- Panorpa capillata Byers, 1996 (USA: Alabama, Arkansas, Kentucky, Mississippi, Tennessee)
- Panorpa carolinensis Banks, 1905 (USA: North Carolina, Tennessee)
- Panorpa carpenteri Cheng, 1957 (China: Szechwan)
- Panorpa caucasica MacLachlan, 1869 (Iran, Iraq)
- Panorpa centralis Tjeder, 1936 (China: Szechwan)
- Panorpa chengi Chou, 1981 (China)
- Panorpa cheni Cheng, 1957 (China: Chekiang)
- Panorpa chiensis Cheng, 1953 (Korea)
- Panorpa choctaw Byers, 1993 (USA: Alabama, Arkansas, Georgia, Kentucky, Missouri, Mississippi, Oklahoma, Tennessee)
- Panorpa cladocerca Navás, 1935 (China: Kiangsi)
- Panorpa claripennis Hine, 1901 (USA (Connecticut, Florida, Massachusetts, Michigan, New Hampshire, New York, Ohio, Vermont, Wisconsin, West Virginia), Canada: Quebec)
- Panorpa clavigera Klapálek, 1902 (Hercegovina)
- Panorpa cognata Rambur, 1842 (England, Belgium, Denmark, Germany, Netherlands, Russia, Sweden)
- Panorpa cognata osellai Willmann, 1976 (Italy)
- Panorpa communis Linnaeus, 1758 (Andorra, Belgium, France, Germany, Italy, Switzerland, Russia, England, Spain)
- Panorpa communis raehlei Lauterbach, 1970 (Europe)
- Panorpa concolor Esben-Petersen, 1915 (Taiwan)
- Panorpa confinis Byers, 1993 (USA: Alabama, Mississippi)
- Panorpa connexa MacLachlan, 1869 (Caucasus Mountains, Turkey)
- Panorpa consuetudinis Snodgrass, 1927 (USA: Alabama, Connecticut, Washington, Delaware, Indiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, New Jersey, New York, Ohio, Pennsylvania, South Carolina, Virginia)
- Panorpa contorta Byers, 1996 (Mexico: Hidalgo, San Luis Potosí, Tamaulipas)
- Panorpa coomani Cheng, 1957 (China: Kiangsi)
- Panorpa coreana Okamoto, 1925 (Korea)
- Panorpa cornigera MacLachlan, 1887 (Russia: Vladivostok)
- Panorpa curva Carpenter, 1938 (China: Szechwan)
- Panorpa davidi Navás, 1908 (China: Szechwan)
- Panorpa debilis Westwood, 1846 (USA (Washington, Illinois, Indiana, Michigan, North Carolina, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Tennessee, Virginia, Wisconsin, West Virginia), Canada: Ontario, Quebec)
- Panorpa deceptor Esben-Petersen, 1913 (Taiwan)
- Panorpa decolorata Chou & Wang, 1981 (China)
- Panorpa diceras MacLachlan, 1894 (China: Szechwan)
- Panorpa dichotoma
- Panorpa dichotoma dichotoma Miyamoto, 1977 (Japan)
- Panorpa dichotoma intermedia Miyamoto, 1977 (Japan)
- Panorpa difficilis Carpenter, 1938 (China: Szechwan)
- Panorpa dissimilis Carpenter, 1931 (USA: New Jersey, New York, Virginia)
- Panorpa dubia Chou & Wang, 1981 (China)
- Panorpa dubitans Carpenter, 1931 (USA: Illinois, Indiana, Wisconsin)
- Panorpa emarginata Cheng, 1949 (China: Shensi)
- Panorpa ensigera Bicha, 1983 (USA: North Carolina, South Carolina)
- Panorpa esakii Issiki, 1929 (Taiwan)
- Panorpa falsa Issiki & Cheng, 1947 (Taiwan)
- Panorpa ferruginea Byers, 1993 (USA: Alabama, Georgia, Mississippi)
- Panorpa filina Chou & Wang, 1987 (China)
- Panorpa flavicorporis Cheng, 1957 (China: Fukien)
- Panorpa flavipennis Carpenter, 1938 (China: Szechwan)
- Panorpa flexa Carpenter, 1935 (USA: Georgia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Tennessee)
- Panorpa floridana Byers, 1993 (USA: Florida)
- Panorpa fluvicaudaria Miyake, 1910 (Japan, Korea)
- Panorpa fructa Cheng, 1949 (China: Sikang)
- Panorpa fukiensis Tjeder, 1951 (China: Fukien)
- Panorpa fulvastra Chou, 1981 (China)
- Panorpa galerita Byers, 1962 (USA (New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Wisconsin), Canada: Quebec)
- Panorpa galloisi Miyake, 1911 (Japan)
- Panorpa germanica Linnaeus, 1758 (Belgium, France, Germany, Greece, Italy, Scotland, Norway)
- Panorpa germanica riegeri Lauterbach, 1971 (Germany)
- Panorpa germanica euboica Lauterbach, 1972 (Balkans of southern Europe)
- Panorpa germanica graeca Lauterbach, 1972 (Greece)
- Panorpa germanica rumelica Lauterbach, 1972 (Turkey)
- Panorpa globulifera Miyamoto, 1994 (Japan)
- Panorpa gokaensis Miyake, 1910 (Japan)
- Panorpa gokaensis togephora Miyamoto, 1984 (Japan)
- Panorpa gracilis Carpenter, 1931 (USA: North Carolina, Virginia)
- Panorpa grahamana Cheng, 1957 (China: Szechwan)
- Panorpa gressitti Byers, 1970 (China: Kwangtung)
- Panorpa guidongensis Chou & Li, 1987 (China)
- Panorpa guttata Navás, 1908 (China: Szechwan)
- Panorpa hageniana Willmann, 1975 (Turkey)
- Panorpa hakusanensis Miyake, 1913 (Japan)
- Panorpa hamata Issiki & Cheng, 1947 (Taiwan)
- Panorpa helena Byers, 1962 (USA (Arkansas, Connecticut, Georgia, Iowa, Illinois, Indiana, Kansas, Kentucky, Massachusetts, Maryland, Maine, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, North Carolina, New Jersey, New York, Ohio, Pennsylvania, South Carolina, Tennessee, Utah, Virginia, Wisconsin, West Virginia), Canada: Manitoba)
- Panorpa hispida Byers, 1993 (USA: Georgia, South Carolina)
- Panorpa hiurai Miyamoto, 1985 (Japan)
- Panorpa horiensis Issiki, 1929 (Taiwan)
- Panorpa horni Navás, 1928 (Russia)
- Panorpa hungerfordi Byers, 1973 (USA: Indiana, Kentucky, Michigan, Ohio, Wisconsin)
- Panorpa hybrida MacLachlan, 1882 (Romania, Finland, Germany, Russia, Bulgaria)
- Panorpa immaculata Esben-Petersen, 1915 (Mexico: Guerrero, Mexico)
- Panorpa implicata Cheng, 1957 (China: Fukien)
- Panorpa indivisa Martynova, 1957 (eastern Russia)
- Panorpa insolens Carpenter, 1935 (USA: Kentucky, Ohio)
- Panorpa involuta Byers, 1996 (Mexico: Veracruz)
- Panorpa ishiharai Miyamoto, 1994 (Japan)
- Panorpa isolata Carpenter, 1931 (USA: Alabama, Washington, Georgia, Kentucky, Mississippi, North Carolina, Pennsylvania, South Carolina, Tennessee)
- Panorpa issikiana Byers, 1970 (China: Yunnan)
- Panorpa issikii Penny & Byers, 1979 (Taiwan)
- Panorpa japonica Thunberg, 1784 (Japan)
- Panorpa kagamontana Miyamoto, 1979 (Japan)
- Panorpa kellogi Cheng, 1957 (China)
- Panorpa kimminsi Carpenter, 1948 (China: Szechwan)
- Panorpa kiusiuensis Issiki, 1929 (Japan)
- Panorpa klapperichi Tjeder, 1951 (China: Fukien)
- Panorpa kongosana Okamoto, 1925 (Korea)
- Panorpa lacedaemonia Lauterbach, 1972 (Greece)
- Panorpa lachlani Navás, 1930 (Taiwan)
- Panorpa latipennis Hine, 1901 (USA: Connecticut, Massachusetts, Michigan, North Carolina, New Jersey, New York, Ohio, Tennessee, Virginia, Vermont, Wisconsin)
- Panorpa leai Cheng, 1949 (China: Shensi)
- Panorpa leucoptera Uhler, 1858 (Japan)
- Panorpa lewisi MacLachlan, 1887 (Japan)
- Panorpa lintienshana Cheng, 1952 (Taiwan)
- Panorpa longicornis Carpenter, 1931 (USA: Kentucky, North Carolina, Tennessee, Virginia)
- Panorpa longiramina Issiki & Cheng, 1947 (Taiwan)
- Panorpa longititilana Issiki, 1929 (Taiwan)
- Panorpa lugubris Swederus, 1787 (USA: Alabama, Florida, Georgia, Louisiana, Mississippi, North Carolina, South Carolina, Virginia)
- Panorpa lutea Carpenter, 1945 (China: Anhwei)
- Panorpa maculosa Hagen, 1861 (USA: Connecticut, Georgia, Massachusetts, Michigan, North Carolina, New Jersey, New York, Ohio, Pennsylvania, South Carolina, Tennessee, Utah, Virginia)
- Panorpa magna Chou, 1981 (China)
- Panorpa mangshanensis Chou & Wang, 1987 (China)
- Panorpa meridionalis Rambur, 1842 (Andorra, Spain, France, Italy, Portugal, Romania)
- Panorpa mexicana Banks, 1913 (Mexico: Veracruz)
- Panorpa mirabilis Carpenter, 1931 (USA: Michigan, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania)
- Panorpa miyakeiella Miyamoto, 1985 (Japan)
- Panorpa mokansana Cheng, 1957 (China)
- Panorpa mucronata Byers, 1996 (Mexico: Hidalgo)
- Panorpa multifasciaria Miyake, 1910 (Japan)
- Panorpa nanwutaina Chou, 1981 (China)
- Panorpa nebulosa Westwood, 1846 (USA (Connecticut, Georgia, Illinois, Kentucky, Massachusetts, Maine, Michigan, Missouri, North Carolina New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Ohio, Pennsylvania, South Carolina, Tennessee, Virginia, Vermont, Wisconsin), Canada: Ontario, Quebec)
- Panorpa neglecta Carpenter, 1931 (USA: Alabama, Georgia, Kentucky, Tennessee)
- Panorpa neospinosa Chou & Wang, 1981 (China)
- Panorpa nigrirostris MacLachlan, 1882 (Iran, former USSR)
- Panorpa nipponensis Navás, 1908 (Japan)
- Panorpa nokoensis Issiki, 1929 (Taiwan)
P. nuptialis
- Panorpa nuptialis Gerstaecker, 1863 (USA (Alabama, Arkansas, Kansas, Louisiana, Mississippi, Missouri, Oklahoma, Texas), Mexico)
- Panorpa obliqua Carpenter, 1945 (China: Kiangsi)
- Panorpa obliquifascia Chou & Wang, 1987 (China)
- Panorpa obtusa Cheng, 1949 (China: Shensi)
- Panorpa ochraceocauda Issiki, 1927 (Taiwan)
- Panorpa ochraceopennis Miyake, 1910 (Japan)
- Panorpa oconee Byers, 1993 (USA: Georgia)
- Panorpa okamotona Issiki, 1927 (Korea)
- Panorpa ophthalmica (Navás), 1911 (Taiwan)
- Panorpa orientalis MacLachlan, 1887 (Korea, Russia)
- Panorpa pachymera Byers, 1993 (USA: Georgia, South Carolina)
- Panorpa pallidimaculata Issiki, 1929 (Taiwan)
- Panorpa palustris Byers, 1958 (USA: North Carolina, Virginia)
- Panorpa pectinata Issiki, 1929 (Taiwan)
- Panorpa penicillata Byers, 1962 (Mexico: Durango)
- Panorpa peterseana Issiki, 1927 (Taiwan)
- Panorpa picta Hagen, 1863 (Turkey)
- Panorpa pieli Cheng, 1957 (China: Kiangsi)
- Panorpa pieperi Willmann, 1975 (Turkey)
- Panorpa pingjiangensis Chou & Wang, 1987 (China)
- Panorpa planicola Byers, 1993 (USA: South Carolina)
- Panorpa plitvicensis Lauterbach, 1972 (Yugoslavia)
- Panorpa pryeri McLachlan, 1875 (Japan)
- Panorpa pseudoalpina Nagler, 1970 (Romania)
- Panorpa punctata Klug, 1838 (Mexico)
- Panorpa pura Klapálek, 1906 (Europe, Asia)
- Panorpa pusilla Cheng, 1949 (China: Shensi)
- Panorpa qinlingensis Chou & Ran, 1981 (China)
- Panorpa quadrifasciata Chou & Wang, 1987 (China)
- Panorpa ramosa Byers, 1996 (Mexico: Hidalgo)
- Panorpa rantaisanensis Issiki, 1929 (Taiwan)
- Panorpa reclusa Byers, 1996 (Mexico: Hidalgo)
- Panorpa reni Chou, 1981 (China)
- Panorpa robusta Carpenter, 1931 (USA: Georgia, South Carolina)
- Panorpa rufa Gray, 1832 (USA: Alabama, Florida, Georgia, Mississippi, North Carolina, South Carolina)
- Panorpa rufescens Rambur, 1842 (USA: Connecticut, Washington, Massachusetts, Maryland, Michigan, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island)
- Panorpa rufostigma Westwood, 1846 (Albania)
- Panorpa rupeculana Byers, 1993 (USA: Arkansas, Louisiana, Mississippi)
- Panorpa schweigeri Willmann, 1975 (Turkey)
- Panorpa scopulifera Byers, 1993 (USA: Georgia, South Carolina)
- Panorpa semifasciata Cheng, 1949 (China: Sikang)
- Panorpa serta Byers, 1996 (Mexico: Michoacan)
- Panorpa setifera Webb, 1974 (USA: Wisconsin)
- Panorpa sexspinosa
- Panorpa sexspinosa sexspinosa Cheng, 1949 (China: Shensi)
- Panorpa sexspinosa zhongnanensis Chou & Wang, 1981 (China)
- Panorpa shanyangensis Chou & Wang, 1981 (China)
- Panorpa shibatai Issiki, 1929 (Taiwan)
- Panorpa sibirica Esben-Petersen, 1915 (Russia)
- Panorpa sigmoides Carpenter, 1931 (USA: Iowa, Illinois, Indiana, Minnesota, Ohio, Wisconsin)
- Panorpa similis Esben-Petersen, 1915 (former USSR)
- Panorpa sonani Issiki, 1929 (Taiwan)
- Panorpa speciosa Carpenter, 1931 (USA: Iowa, Illinois, Indiana, Kentucky, Minnesota, Missouri, Wisconsin)
- Panorpa statura Cheng, 1949 (China: Shensi)
- Panorpa stigmalis Navás, 1908 (China: Szechwan)
- Panorpa stotzneri Esben-Petersen, 1934 (China: Szechwan)
- Panorpa striata Miyake, 1908 (Japan)
- Panorpa subambra Chou & Tong, 1987 (China)
- Panorpa subaurea Chou & Li, 1987 (China)
- Panorpa subfurcata Westwood, 1842 (USA (Massachusetts, Maine, Michigan, Minnesota, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Virginia, Wisconsin, West Virginia), Canada: Nova Scotia, Ontario, Quebec)
- Panorpa submaculosa Carpenter, 1931 (USA: Georgia, Indiana, Kentucky, Maryland, Michigan, New York, Ohio, Pennsylvania, South Carolina, Tennessee, Utah, Wisconsin)
- Panorpa subulifera Byers, 1962 (USA: Virginia)
- Panorpa susteri Nagler, 1970 (Romania)
- Panorpa taiheisanensis Issiki, 1929 (Taiwan)
- Panorpa taiwanensis Issiki, 1929 (Taiwan)
- Panorpa takenouchii Miyake, 1908 (Japan)
- Panorpa tatvana
- Panorpa tatvana tatvana Willmann, 1974 (Turkey)
- Panorpa tatvana ressli Willmann, 1975 (Turkey)
- Panorpa terminata Klug, 1838 (Mexico: Morelos)
- Panorpa tetrazonia Navás, 1935 (China: Anhwei, Kiangsi)
- Panorpa thompsoni Cheng, 1957 (China, Japan: Tsushima)
- Panorpa thrakica Willmann, 1976 (European Turkey)
- Panorpa titschacki Esben-Petersen, 1934 (Greece)
- Panorpa tjederi Carpenter, 1938 (China: Yunnan)
- Panorpa trifasciata Cheng, 1957 (China: Fukien)
- Panorpa tritaenia Chou & Li, 1987 (China)
- Panorpa trizonata Miyake, 1908 (Japan)
- Panorpa tsunekatanis Issiki, 1929 (Japan)
- Panorpa tsushimaensis Miyamoto, 1979 (Japan)
- Panorpa turcica Willmann, 1975 (Turkey)
- Panorpa turcica anatolica Willmann, 1975 (Turkey)
- Panorpa turcica pontica Willmann, 1975 (Turkey)
- Panorpa typicoides Cheng, 1949 (China: Sikang)
- Panorpa venosa Westwood, 1846 (USA: Georgia)
- Panorpa vernalis Byers, 1973 (USA: Arkansas, Louisiana, Mississippi)
- Panorpa virginica Banks, 1906 (USA: Connecticut, Georgia, North Carolina, New Jersey, South Carolina, Tennessee, Virginia)
- Panorpa vulgaris Imhoff & Labram, 1845 (Europe, Asia)
- Panorpa waongkehzengi Navás, 1935 (China: Kiangsi)
- Panorpa wormaldi MacLachlan, 1875 (Japan)
- Panorpa wrightae Cheng, 1957 (China)
- Panorpa yangi Chou, 1981 (China)
- Panorpa yiei Issiki & Cheng, 1947 (Taiwan)
- Panorpa youngi Byers, 1994 (Taiwan)
References
- ↑ Byers, G.W., Annals of the Entomological Society of America, Volume 47, Number 3, September 1954 , pp. 484-510(27)
- ↑ Sauer, K. P.; Lubjuhn, T.; Sindern, J.; Kurtz, J.; Epplen, C.; Epplen, J. T. (1998). "Mating System and Sexual Selection in the Scorpionfly Panorpa vulgaris (Mecoptera: Panorpidae)". The Science of Nature 85 (5): 218. doi:10.1007/s001140050487.
- ↑ http://nekhbet.com/forage.pdf
- Missoweit, M.; Engels, S.; Sauer, K. P. (19 October 2006). "Foraging ability in the scorpionfly Panorpa vulgaris individual differences and heritability" (PDF). Behavioural Ecology and Sociobiology 61 (3): 487. doi:10.1007/s00265-006-0277-y.
External links
 |
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Panorpa. |
- Panorpa floridana, Florida scorpionfly on the UF / IFAS Featured Creatures website.
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