Paracas textile

Paracas textile

Material	Wool and cotton
Created	300–200 BCE
Discovered	Peru
Present location	British Museum, London

Nasca. Mantle (Detail of "The Paracas Textile")Brooklyn Museum

Nasca. Mantle ("The Paracas Textile"), 100-300 C.E. Cotton, camelid fiber, textile: Brooklyn Museum

Detail of one shaman showing knife and head

The Museo Regional de Ica display both these skulls and the textiles

The Paracas textiles were found at a necropolis in Peru in the 1920s. The necropolis held 420 bodies who had been mummified and wrapped in embroidered textiles in 200–300 BCE^[1] The examples in the British Museum show flying shamans who hold severed heads by their hair.^[1]

Description

These textiles were made by South American people before the rise of the Inca or the Aztecs. They are brightly coloured and show evidence of both a design and a style. The subject of these images are supernatural creatures or shamans who use their hands to hold severed human heads whilst their wings transport them like birds.^[2] These could be intended to represent being carried to the next world by spirits or that these figures represent the spirits themselves.^[1]

The people who created these textiles had a complex society. There is evidence of pottery, fishing, and farming. There were craftspeople who could make knives from Obsidian, jewellery from gold^[1] as well as understanding all the complexities of weaving.^[3]

Construction

The textiles were made from wool and cotton. The wool is thought to have come from Alpaca or Llama.^[1] They had been dyed with natural dyes which unusually had kept their colour after over 2,000 years. The preservation of the colours is attributed to the dry conditions combined with the lack of damage which would usually have been caused by sunlight.^[4]

The smaller fragments illustrated here have been taken from the large pieces of cloth^[4] that were used to wrap the bodies of the dead. These cloths were as long as 100 feet (34 metres) and would have required a significant organisation of a number of people to construct. The bodies were found in groups of 40 or 50 as if they were family vaults which had been used by several generations.

One of the unusual qualities of the skulls that were found is that many of them had been distorted in unusual ways. This distortion is achieved by attaching boards and weights to the skull as it grows. Other distortions are due to the process of trepanning which as where holes were drilled into the skulls of living people. Inspection shows that these holes had healed and shows that the patients did not die when this process was applied. Museums in Peru like the Museo Regional de Ica display both these skulls and the textiles that were found around them.^[5]

Provenance

The necropolis was discovered by Julio C. Tello in the 1920s. Tello first visited the site on July 26, 1925 following a trail that had begun in 1915 when he had purchased ancient textiles in Pisco, Peru.^[6] On 25 October 1927, Tello and his team uncovered the first of hundreds of ceremonial mummified bundle burials. Tello discovered a necropolis that contained corpses that were sat in baskets. Around each of the bodies were large textiles that included large woven cotton that was decorated with woollen embroidery.

A purpose built museum was built near Paracas at the request of President Benevides who in August 1938 authorised Tello to build a museum to house the 380 textiles that Tello and his staff had preserved. They were able to put on display over 180 textiles. The preservation of these had been funded by the Rockefeller Foundation.^[6]

The embroidery illustrated here are fragments from a larger piece of fabric that were removed before they were purchased by the British Museum. Today these are only shown under limited light conditions where they are held tight between a backing material and perspex.^[4] In 1928 they began to remove these for safe keeping.^[6]

History of the World

These textile pictures from the British Museum were chosen to be one of the History of the World in 100 Objects which was a series of radio programmes that started in 2010 and that were created in a partnership between the BBC and the British Museum.^[4]

References

1. Paracas textile, British Museum, accessed 27 September 2010
2. Proulx, Donald A. (2006). A Sourcebook of Nasca Ceramic Iconography: Reading a culture through its art. University of Iowa Press. p. 62. ISBN 978-0-87745-979-8.
3. Feltham, Jane (1989). Peruvian Textiles. Shire Ethnography. pp. 46–7. ISBN 0-7478-0014-6.
4. "Paracas textile". A History of the World in 100 Objects. BBC. Retrieved 28 September 2010.
5. Schlecht, Neil E. (2010). Frommer's Peru. p. 154.
6. Burger, Richard L. (2009). The life and writings of Julio C. Tello: America's first indigenous archaeologist. University of Iowa Press. pp. 28, 38.