Marsh tit

Marsh tit
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Aves
Order: Passeriformes
Family: Paridae
Genus: Poecile
Species: P. palustris
Binomial name
Poecile palustris
(Linnaeus, 1758)
Synonyms

Parus palustris

The marsh tit (Poecile palustris) is a passerine bird in the tit family Paridae and genus Poecile, closely related to the willow, Père David's and Songar tits. It is small (around 12 cm long and weighing 12 g) with a black crown and nape, pale cheeks, brown back and greyish-brown wings and tail. Between 8 and 11 subspecies are recognised. This bird's close resemblance to the willow tit can cause identification problems, especially in the United Kingdom where the local subspecies of the two are very similar (there, they were not recognised as separate species until 1897).

Globally, the marsh tit is classified as Least Concern, although there is evidence of a decline in numbers (in the UK, numbers have dropped by more than 50% since the 1970s, for example). It can be found throughout temperate Europe and northern Asia and, despite its name, it occurs in a range of habitats including dry woodland. The marsh tit is omnivorous; its food includes caterpillars, spiders and seeds. It nests in tree holes, choosing existing hollows to enlarge, rather than excavating its own. A clutch of 5–9 eggs is laid.

Taxonomy and systematics

Most authorities retain Poecile as a subgenus within the genus Parus, but the American Ornithologists' Union treats it as a distinct genus. This is supported by mtDNA cytochrome b sequence analysis; within Poecile, the marsh tit is part of a group of Eurasian 'typical chickadees' that includes also the willow tit, Père David's tit, black-bibbed tit, and the Songar tit.[2][3]

The scientific name is derived from the Greek poikolos, meaning 'spotted', and Latin palus, meaning 'marsh'.[4] The number of subspecies recognised varies between authorities. Some, such as The Clements Checklist of Birds of the World[5] list eight worldwide; The Handbook of the Birds of the World lists 11:[6]

Description

Nominate race palustris: Black cap and nape with a blue sheen visible at close quarters. The black 'bib' below the bill is rather small; the cheeks are white, turning dusky brown on the ear coverts. The upperparts, tail and wings are greyish-brown, with slightly paler fringes to the tertials. The underparts are off-white with a buff or brown tinge strongest on the flanks and undertail coverts. The bill is black and the legs dark grey. Juveniles are very similar to adults, but with a duller black cap and bib, more greyish upperparts and paler underparts; they moult into adult plumage by September.[8]

The marsh tit weighs 12 g, is 11.5 to 12 cm long (from bill to tail) and the wingspan is 19 cm. Wing length ranges from 60–70 mm. The oldest recorded marsh tit in Europe reached the age of 11 years, 11 months.[4]

Bird trapped for ringing showing pale 'cutting edges' to bill

Marsh and willow tits are difficult to identify on appearance alone; the races occurring in the UK (P. p. dresseri and P. m. kleinschmidti respectively) are especially hard to separate. When caught for ringing, the pale 'cutting edge' of the marsh tit's bill is a reliable criterion;[9] otherwise, the best way to tell apart the two species is by voice. Plumage characteristics include the lack of a pale wing panel (formed by pale edges to the secondary feathers in the willow tit), the marsh tit's glossier black cap and smaller black 'bib',[10] although none of these is 'completely reliable';[9] for example, juvenile marsh tits can show a pale wing panel.[11] The marsh tit has a noticeably smaller and shorter head than the willow tit and overall the markings are crisp and neat, with the head in proportion to the rest of the bird (willow tit gives the impression of being 'bull-necked').[8]

A measure of the difficulty in identification is given by the fact that, in the UK, the willow tit was not identified as distinct from marsh tit until 1897. Two German ornithologists, Ernst Hartert and Otto Kleinschmidt, were studying marsh tit skins at the British Museum and found two wrongly-labelled willow tits amongst them (two willow tit specimens were then collected at Coalfall Wood in Finchley, north London, and that species was added to the British list in 1900).[12]

Distribution and habitat

Typical marsh tit habitat in Northamptonshire, England.

The marsh tit has a worldwide Extent of Occurrence of around 10 million square kilometres. The global population includes between 6.1 million and 12 million birds in Europe alone. The species is classified as Least Concern, though there is some evidence of a decline in numbers.[13] For example, between the 1970s and 2007, Marsh Tit numbers declined in the United Kingdom by more than 50% and consequently it is on the Red List of species compiled by the UK's Joint Nature Conservation Committee.[14] Research suggests that the cause may be low survival rates from year to year, though the nest failure rate has fallen during the decline. Other studies have shown that reduced diversity of woodland structure and plant species, partly because of the impact of deer browsing, is the cause of the bird's decline.[15]

Data from 157 woodlands covered by the RSPB/BTO Repeat Woodland Bird Survey showed that the abundance of marsh tits in 2003–2004 corresponded with the vegetation present 2–4 metres above the ground, the shrub layer. Data from the 1980s did not show the same results, but marsh tit numbers had increased by 2003–2004 in woods with the most shrub cover. The study concluded that damage to the shrub layer, caused by overgrazing by deer, for example, may make woodland less suitable for marsh tits.[16]

It is a widespread and common resident breeder throughout temperate Europe and northern Asia. It occurs from northern Spain north to south-eastern Scotland and east to western Russia, with a broad gap in western Asia and present again in eastern Asia from the Altai Mountains east to northern Japan and northern and western China.

This species is sedentary, making short post-breeding movements in most of its range, but in northern Europe some move southward in winter. However, marsh tits seem not to perform the occasional irruptions that other members of the tit family do. Most marsh tits stay in their breeding territories year-round; presumably this is related to their food-storing strategy. Analysis of UK ringing data showed that of 108 recoveries (when a ringed bird is found dead or caught by another ringer), 85% were less than 5 km from where the bird was originally caught, and only 1% further than 20 km.[17] Young birds join mixed roaming flocks; adults also join the flocks when they pass through, but do not stray from their territory.[8]

Marsh tits breed mostly in lowland areas, but can reach altitudes of up to 1,300 m. They prefer large areas of moist, broadleaved woodland, often oak or beech, though they can occupy wet alder woodland, riverside trees, parks and gardens or orchards. A study at Monks Wood, Cambridgeshire, England, found that marsh tits required mature trees with a shrub layer below the canopy, but that they avoided parts of the wood with lots of young trees.[18] Another study in the United Kingdom found that during winter and while foraging, marsh tits spent more time than blue tits in the wood's understorey, and more time lower in the woodland canopy and understorey. Trees and shrubs in 10 breeding territories were also compared. The trees varied significantly between territories, but the shrub characteristics did not, suggesting that the shrubs were more important to the birds. In Wytham Woods, Oxfordshire, marsh tits were "largely absent" from parts of the wood with a dense canopy but poor shrub cover.[16]

Behaviour and ecology

Note the glossy cap, smaller bib and uniform wings which help distinguish it from the willow tit.

In mixed winter tit flocks, seldom more than one or two Marsh Tits are present, and parties of this species alone are infrequent. Its performances in the bushes and branches are just as neat and agile as those of other tits; it often hangs upside down by one leg.'

Like the other tits it has a large range of call notes; most typical is the explosive "pitchou" note, given when agitated, often leading into "pitchou-bee-bee-bee", which can sound like willow tit when not heard clearly.[8] Unlike many other tits, however, the marsh tit has a well-defined song and a wide song repertoire. Individual birds can have more than five songs, which they use interchangeably. Some of the more common songs include a typical tit-like, ringing, "schip-schip-schip-schip-ship", a more liquid "tu-tu-tu-tu-tu" and sometimes a sweet "tyeu-tyeu-tyeu-tyeu-tyeu". The old Staffordshire name for the species, 'Saw Whetter', refers to the bird's scolding call.[19]

Food and feeding

Mostly spiders and insects are eaten in spring and summer, but seeds – including those of the thistle – nuts and berries are taken in autumn and winter. Beechmast is the preferred food when it can be found. Marsh tits often take seeds and fruit from the plant before taking them to eat elsewhere.

Marsh tits collect and store large numbers of seeds. For a study in Norway, birds were watched for two hours 15 minutes. They ate 43 and cached 83 seeds per hour. In Sweden, storing food is most frequent between September and late February, with the peak in this behaviour occurring from September to October. Hiding places for the seeds include on and in the ground, in leaf litter, in tree stumps, and under moss and lichen in trees. The hidden seeds are prone to being stolen, by other marsh tits or other species, so birds often fly from one site to another before deciding on a hiding place. They tend to retrieve the oldest items first, and memorise their location rather than searching randomly or checking systematically.[8] The marsh tit's hippocampus is 31% bigger than that of the great tit, despite the great tit's larger overall size and larger forebrain; the relative volume of this part of the brain is greater in birds that cache food.[20]

Breeding

Eggs, Collection Museum Wiesbaden

Marsh tits are monogamous and often pair for life; one pair stayed together for six years. In Europe, hybridisation with the willow tit has been recorded twice.[8]

The nest site is in a hole, usually in a tree but sometimes in a wall or in the ground. Nestboxes may be used.[17] Old willow tit holes may be used and enlarged further. Marsh Tits do not usually excavate their own nest holes, though they may enlarge the hollow, carrying the chips to a distance before dropping them. The hole may be within a centimetres or two of the ground or high as 10 m. Inside the hole, a nest of moss is made and lined with hair and sometimes a few feathers; 20 cm of moss is used in damp holes, but much less in dry ones.[8]

Between five and nine white and red-speckled eggs are laid late in April or in May, measuring 16 x 12 mm and weighing 1.2 g each (of which 6% is shell). They are incubated by the female for 14–16 days; incubation begins before the clutch is complete, meaning that the chicks hatch over a period of around two days. She sits closely and gives a typical tit "hissing display" if disturbed. The male helps to feed and care for the young and brings nearly all the food for the first four days after hatching. The altricial, downy chicks fledge after 18–21 days.[4] The fledglings are fed by their parents for a week and become independent after a further 1–7 days. The family stays together for between 11–15 days after the first flights of the juveniles.[8] Second broods have been recorded, though they are extremely rare in Britain; most are replacement clutches.

A study of marsh tits in Białowieża Forest, Poland, looked at which factors affected birds' choice to re-occupy a nest hole used the previous year. It found that 35.5% of available holes were used again the following year, and that holes where a brood had failed were less likely to be re-used.[21] A study in Bourton Woods, Gloucestershire, England, found that nestboxes were used by Marsh Tits in successive years in only 20% of cases.[17]

References

  1. ↑ BirdLife International (2012). "Parus palustris". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2013.2. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved 26 November 2013.
  2. ↑ Gill, F. B.; Slikas, B.; Sheldon, F. H. (2005). "Phylogeny of titmice (Paridae): II. Species relationships based on sequences of the mitochondrial cytochrome-b gene". Auk 122: 121–143. doi:10.1642/0004-8038(2005)122[0121:POTPIS]2.0.CO;2.
  3. ↑ del Hoyo, J.; Elliot, A.; Christie, D., eds. (2007). Handbook of the Birds of the World Volume 12: Picathartes to Tits and Chickadees. Lynx Edicions. ISBN 978-84-96553-42-2.
  4. 1 2 3 Robinson, R. A. "Marsh Tit". BirdFacts. British Trust for Ornithology. Retrieved 18 January 2009.
  5. ↑ Clements, James F. (2007). The Clements Checklist of Birds of the World. Cornell University Press. ISBN 978-0-8014-4501-9. Retrieved 25 January 2009.
  6. ↑ "Marsh Tit (Poecile palustris)". Internet Bird Collection. I. Retrieved 24 January 2009.
  7. ↑ http://www.the-soc.org.uk/sbr.php
  8. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 BWPi: The Birds of the Western Palearctic on interactive DVD-ROM. London: BirdGuides Ltd. and Oxford University Press. 2004. ISBN 1-898110-39-5.
  9. 1 2 Broughton, R. K.; Hinsley, S. A.; Bellamy, P. E. (2008). "Separation of Marsh Tit Poecile palustris from Willow Tit Poecile montana using a bill criterion" (PDF). Ringing & Migration 24: 101–103. doi:10.1080/03078698.2008.9674382. Retrieved 18 January 2009
  10. ↑ Mullarney, Killian; Svensson, Lars; Zetterstrom, Dan; Grant, Peter (1999). Collins Bird Guide. London: HarperCollins. p. 318. ISBN 0-00-219728-6.
  11. ↑ Jonsson, Lars (1996). Birds of Europe. London: Helm. p. 464. ISBN 0-7136-4422-2.
  12. ↑ Cocker, Mark; Mabey, Richard (2005). Birds Britannica. London: Chatto & Windus. p. 387. ISBN 0-7011-6907-9.
  13. ↑ "Species factsheet: Parus palustris". BirdLife International. Retrieved 18 January 2009.
  14. ↑ "Conservation Listings". jncc.gov.uk. Joint Nature Conservation Committee. Retrieved 18 January 2009.
  15. ↑ "Marsh Tit". Breeding Birds of the Wider Countryside. British Trust for Ornithology. Retrieved 18 January 2009.
  16. 1 2 Hinsley, S. A.; Carpenter, J. E.; Broughton, R. K.; Bellamy, P. E.; Rothery, P.; Arjun, A.; Hewson, C.; Gosler, A. G. (2007). "Habitat selection by Marsh Tits Poecile palustris in the UK". Ibis 149: 224–233. doi:10.1111/j.1474-919X.2007.00691.x. Retrieved 25 January 2009.
  17. 1 2 3 Wernham, C. V.; Toms, M. P.; Marchant, J. H.; Clark, J. A.; Siriwardena, G. M.; Baillie, S. R., eds. (2002). The Migration Atlas: movements of the birds of Britain and Ireland. London: T. & A.D. Poyser. pp. 592–593. ISBN 0-7136-6514-9.
  18. ↑ Broughton, R. K.; Hinsley, S. A.; Bellamy, P. E.; Hill, R. A.; Rothery, P. (2006). "Marsh Tit Poecile palustris territories in a British broad-leaved wood". Ibis 148: 744–752. doi:10.1111/j.1474-919X.2006.00583.x. Retrieved 25 January 2009
  19. ↑ Greenoak, Francesca (1979). All The Birds Of The Air. London: Book Club Association. p. 237.
  20. ↑ Anderson, P.; Morris, R.; Amaral, D.; O'Keefe, J. (2007). The Hippocampus Book. Oxford University Press. p. 640. ISBN 0-19-510027-1.
  21. ↑ Wesołowski, T.; Greenwood, P. J. (2006). "Nest-site re-use: Marsh Tit Poecile palustris decisions in a primeval forest". Bird Study 53 (3): 199–204. doi:10.1080/00063650609461434. Retrieved 18 January 2009.
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