Paste (food)

Prepared shrimp paste with chili, kaffir lime leaves, sugar and water added.

A food paste is a semi-liquid colloidal suspension, emulsion, or aggregation used in food preparation or eaten directly as a spread.^[1] Pastes are often highly spicy or aromatic, are often prepared well in advance of actual usage, and are often made into a preserve for future use. Common pastes are some fruit preserves, curry pastes, and nut pastes. Purées are food pastes made from already cooked ingredients.

Some food pastes are considered to be condiments and are used directly, while others are made into sauces, which are more liquidy than paste. Ketchup and prepared mustard are pastes that are used both directly as condiments and as ingredients in sauces.

Many food pastes are an intermediary stage in the preparation of food. Perhaps the most notable of such intermediary food pastes is dough. A paste made of fat and flour and often stock or milk is an important intermediary for the basis for a sauce or a binder for stuffing, whether called a beurre manié,^[2] a roux^[3] or panada.^[4] Sago paste is an intermediary stage in the production of sago meal and sago flour from sago palms.^[5]

Food for babies and adults who have lost their teeth is often prepared as food pastes. Baby food is often very bland, while older adults often required increased spiciness in their food pastes.

Preparation

Blenders, grinders, mortars and pestles, matates, and even chewing are used to reduce unprocessed food to a meal, powder, or when significant water is present in the original food, directly into a paste. If required, water, oil and other liquids are added to dry ingredients to make the paste. Often the resultant paste is fermented or cooked to increase its longevity. Often pastes are steamed, baked or enclosed in pastry or bread dough to make them ready for consumption.

Preservation

Traditionally, salt, sugar, vinegar, citric acid and beneficial fermentation were all used to preserve food pastes. In modern times canning is used to preserve pastes in jars, bottles, tins and more recently in plastic bags and tubes.

Examples

Aromatic and spicy

While many of the pastes listed below may be made particularly spicy or aromatic or not, some pastes are specifically intended to deliver intense flavor rather than bulk.

• Achiote paste is a chili paste with a number of other spices including annatto.^[6]
• Curry paste
• Pesto

Cheese and milk

Cheeses always start out as food pastes, but most of them become harder during the fermentation and curing processes.

• Clotted cream, as used in British cuisine, is made by heating cream to scalding temperatures to make it thicker.^[7]
• Mascarpone is a soft cream cheese made from cow's milk used in Italian cuisine.^[8]

Fish and meat

Shrimp paste from Thanh Hoa province, Vietnam

• Fish paste is prepared from fish parts through fermentation.^[9]
• Meat paste or Potted meat food product usually produces a homogeneous texture and flavor suitable for a spread.
• Pâté is finely chopped, finely ground or pureed highly-seasoned meat, whether fish, beef, pork, liver, or other organs.^[10]
• Shrimp paste is made from fermented ground shrimp, either from fresh shrimp or dried ones, with the addition of salt. Prepared shrimp paste often has oil, sugar, garlic, chili, and other spices added.

Grain

• Farina
• Pamonha is a traditional Brazilian paste made from fresh corn and milk.
• Pasta is prepared from wheat food pastes often with the addition of egg.^[11][12][13]
• Polenta
• Mealy pop or Bogobe is prepared from ground grain usually maize or millet and often fermented before cooking.^[14]

Instant soup

Erbswurst, a traditional instant pea soup from Germany, is a concentrated paste

• Erbswurst

Nut and seed

• Almond butter
• Cashew butter is used as a substitute for peanut butter, where peanut allergies are an issue.
• Marzipan, made from almonds, with the addition of sugar and sometimes egg whites,^[15] is used as a center-fill in confections, or hardened to serve as is.
• Peanut butter^[16]
• Sunflower butter
• Tahini is a paste made from ground, sesame seeds^[17] prominent in North African, Greek, Turkish and Middle Eastern cuisine.
• Walnut paste (საცივი) is a Georgian specialty, and is used unsweetened as a bread dip, or sweetened as a center-fill in a baklava-like pastry.

Sugar

Sugar pastes are usually used for frosting and icings, or sweet centers in pastry. Sugars are often combined with cream, oils and egg whites as well as water to make pastes.

• Fondant is a basic sugar paste used as an intermediary in the production of candies and icings.^[18][19]

Vegetable and fruit

Tomato paste

• Àmàlà is a Nigeria specialty paste, thick and brown, made from yams.
• Baba ghanoush is an eggplant (aubergine) based paste.
• Date paste is used as a center-fill in pastries.
• Fermented bean paste is made from ground soyabeans and allowed to ferment.
• Funge de bombo is a manioc paste used in northern Angola, and elsewhere in Africa.
• Hilbet is a paste made in Ethiopia and Eritrea from legumes, mainly lentils or faba beans with garlic, ginger and spices.^[20]
• Hummus is made from chickpeas with the addition of tahini, olive oil, lemon juice, salt and garlic.^[21]
• Red bean paste
• Ssamjang is a Korean, sesame and bean based paste used as a sauce on meat.
• Sweet bean paste is a typical Chinese filling for bao.
• Tomato paste is made from boiling tomatoes until they form a thick paste which is stored for later use in soups, sauces and stews.^[22]

Yeast extracts

Yeast extracts, usually as byproduct from brewing beer,^[23] are made into food pastes, usually dark-brown in colour. They are used to flavour soups and sausages, in the preparation of salad dressings, and directly as spreads.

• Cenovis,
• Marmite and
• Vegemite.

See also

• Chili pepper paste
• Condiment
• Sauce
• List of foods

Notes

1. Kipfer, Barbara Ann (2012). The Culinarian: A Kitchen Desk Reference. New York: Wiley. p. 409. ISBN 978-1-118-11061-4.
2. McGee, Harold (2004). On Food and Cooking: The Science and lore of the Kitchen. New York: Simon and Schuster. p. 617. ISBN 978-0-684-80001-1.
3. Bartlett, James Y.; Stern, D.G. and Ritter, Michele (2008). Golf a la Carte: Recipes from America's Finest Clubs. Tiverton, Rhode Island: Yeoman House. p. 229. ISBN 978-0-9754676-3-3.
4. Kipfer 2012, p. 401
5. Russell, Percy (1995). The Nutrition and Health Dictionary. New York: Chapman and Hall. p. 383. ISBN 978-0-412-98991-9.
6. Bayless, Rick (2007). Authentic Mexican 20th Anniversary Ed: Regional Cooking from the Heart of Mexico. New York: HarperCollins. p. 99–101. ISBN 978-0-06-137326-8.
7. Kipfer 2012, p. 130
8. Kipfer 2012, p. 354
9. Lee, Cherl-Ho; Steinkraus, Keith H. and Reilly, P. J. (1993). Fish Fermentation Technology. New York: United Nations University Press. ISBN 978-89-7053-003-1.
10. Kipfer 2012, p. 412
11. Russell 1995, p. 255 & 326
12. Kipfer 2012, p. 385
13. McGee 2004, p. 571
14. Akinrele, I. A. (2006). "Fermentation studies on maize during the preparation of a traditional african starch-cake food". Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture 21 (12): 619–625. doi:10.1002/jsfa.2740211205.
15. Kipfer 2012, p. 354
16. Russell 1995, p. 327
17. McGee 2004, p. 514
18. Kipfer 2012, p. 241
19. Jones, David (2011). Candy Making For Dummies. New York: Wiley. pp. 65–68. ISBN 978-1-118-05461-1.
20. "Spaghetti silsie, or spicy fragrant tomato pasta sauce (Eritrea)". Vegventures. Archived from the original on 15 September 2012.
21. Zubaida, Sami (2000). "National, Communal and Global Dimensions in Middle Eastern Food Cultures". In Zubaida, Sami and Tapper, Richard. A Taste of Thyme: Culinary Cultures of the Middle East. London: I.B. Tauris. p. 35. ISBN 978-1-86064-603-4.
22. Kipfer 2012, p. 561
23. Sombutyanuchit, P.; Suphantharika, M.; Verduyn, C. (2001). "Preparation of 5′-GMP-rich yeast extracts from spent brewer's yeast". World Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology 17 (2): 163–168. doi:10.1023/A:1016686504154.