Patient Health Questionnaire

The Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ) is a multiple-choice self-report inventory copyrighted by Pfizer Inc, that is used as a screening and diagnostic tool for mental health disorders of depression, anxiety, alcohol, eating, and somatoform.

It is the self-report version of the Primary Care Evaluation of Mental Disorders (PRIME-MD), a diagnostic tool developed in the mid-1990s by Pfizer Inc.[1]

Designed for use in the primary care setting, it lacks coverage for disorders seen in psychiatric settings.[2] It is a public domain resource that is available without cost in several languages. Certain of these tools have been shown to have good diagnostic sensitivity, but poor specificity like the PHQ-2. Other versions, like the PHQ-9, is both sensitive and specific in its diagnoses, which has led to its prominence in the primary care setting. Although these tests were originally designed as self-report inventories they can also be administered by trained health care practitioners.[3]

A major limitation of the PHQ-9 is the lack of an item addressing suicidal ideation.

Versions

The PHQ-9, a tool specific to depression, scores each of the 9 DSM-IV related criteria based on the mood module from the original PRIME-MD.[4] This tool is used in a variety of different contexts, including clinical settings across the United States as well as research studies. One study which used the PHQ-9, examined if college student displays of depression symptoms on Facebook were representative of offline symptoms. Results demonstrated that those who displayed depression symptoms on Facebook scored higher on the PHQ-9, suggesting that those who display depression symptoms on Facebook are experiencing them offline.[5]

The Patient Health Questionnaire-2 (PHQ-2) is a shorter version of the PHQ-9 with two screening questions to assess the presence of a depressed mood and a loss of interest or pleasure in routine activities; a positive response to either question indicates further testing is required.[6]

The GAD-7 scores 7 common anxiety symptoms.

The PHQ-15 scores somatic symptoms.

The PHQ-SADS screens for somatic, anxiety, and depressive symptoms using PHQ-9, GAD-7, and PHQ-15, plus the panic symptoms question from the original PHQ.[7]

References

  1. ↑ Spitzer RL, Kroenke K, Williams JB (1999). Validation and utility of a self-report version of PRIME-MD: the PHQ primary care study. JAMA. Nov 10;282(18):1737–44. PMID 10568646.
  2. ↑ Blacker D. Psychiatric Rating Scales. In Sadock BJ, Sadock VA, Ruiz P (eds) Kaplan & Sadock's Comprehensive Textbook of Psychiatry, 9th ed. 2009. p. 1042. ISBN 978-0-7817-6899-3
  3. ↑ Arroll B, Goodyear-Smith F, Crengle S, Gunn J, Kerse N, Fishman T, Falloon K, Hatcher S. Validation of PHQ-2 and PHQ-9 to screen for major depression in the primary care population. Ann Fam Med. 2010 Jul-Aug;8(4):348-53. doi: 10.1370/afm.1139, PMID 20644190.
  4. ↑ Kroenke K, Spitzer RL, Williams JB (2001). The PHQ-9: validity of a brief depression severity measure. J Gen Intern Med. 16(9):606. PMID 11556941
  5. ↑ Moreno, Megan Andreas; Christakis, DA; Egan, KG; Jelenchick, LA; Cox, E; Young, H; Villiard, H; Becker, T (July 2012). "A pilot evaluation of associations between displayed depression references on Facebook and self-reported depression using a clinical scale". The journal of behavioral health services & research 39 (3): 295–304. doi:10.1007/s11414-011-9258-7. PMC: 3266445. PMID 21863354.
  6. ↑ Whooley MA, Avins AL, Miranda J, Browner WS (July 1997). "Case-finding instruments for depression. Two questions are as good as many". J Gen Intern Med 12 (7): 439–45. doi:10.1046/j.1525-1497.1997.00076.x. PMC: 1497134. PMID 9229283.
  7. ↑ "Instructions for Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ) and GAD-7 Measures" (PDF). Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ) Screeners. Pfizer.

External links

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