Paul Garrin

Paul Garrin
Born 1957 (age 58–59)
Alma mater Cooper Union A'82
Occupation Media Artist, Internet Social Entrepreneur
Years active 1981–present

Paul Garrin[1] (born 1957) is an interdisciplinary artist and social entrepreneur[2] whose work explores the social impact of technology and issues of media access, free speech, public/private space, and the digital divide. Starting as his assistant in 1981,[3] Garrin eventually emerged as one of the important collaborators of video art superstar Nam June Paik, working closely from 1982 to 1996.[4][5]

Since the 1990s, Garrin has carried his politicized style of action art-making onto the Internet, founding companies and projects that work to free the Internet from corporate and government control.[6] His work spans between the highest technology available and hands-on street video, all for a common political cause.[7][8] New York Times art critic Grace Glueck describes Paul Garrin as a politically active video artist.[9]

Founded in 1996,[10] Garrin's social enterprise Name.Space is among the earliest Internet top-level domain registries offering affordable and expressive TLDs. Manifested in the Name.Space.Charter,[11] Name.Space champions freedom of speech, and free, self-supporting commerce as an important counterbalance to government's monopoly powers.[12] Presently, Name.Space is challenging the status-quo in an antitrust lawsuit with ICANN.[13][14][15][16]

In 2003, Garrin launched WiFi-NY, an independent, cooperative community wireless broadband network that serves downtown Manhattan and Brooklyn.[17] He continues to live and work in the Lower East Side since the borough's last decades of creative production.

Early Life & Education

Garrin grew up in Camden, New Jersey, in what he describes as a 50's cheap housing boom neighborhood, like something out of an archetypal twilight zone landscape. His understanding of hard times has its roots in childhood experience, when it became necessary for his family to seek public assistance due to his father's joblessness. A registered nurse, his mother got his family through hard times. Surrounded by a conformist mindset that seemed to care for little beyond sports, Garrin studied art as a way out. He took night classes at the Philadelphia College of Art, and worked at an offset printing shop in the day to support himself.[18]

Garrin began working with video while studying fine arts at the Cooper Union for the Advancement of Science and Art in New York City (1977–82) where he enrolled after two years of classical art training in painting, drawing, sculpture, materials, and printmaking at the Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts in Philadelphia (1977). At Cooper Union, Garrin studied with many well-known artists including Hans Haacke, Vito Acconci, Robert Breer and Martha Rosler, all of whom had a major impact on Garrin's aesthetics and critical social content in his works.[18][19][20]:219

In 2001, Paul Garrin (A'82), was awarded the Cooper Union President Citation for outstanding attainments and contributions to his profession, and was inducted into the Cooper Union Alumni Hall of Fame.[21]

Video & Media Artworks

Art Videotapes

Garrin belongs to the second generation of video artists whose works mix technological innovation with social criticism.[8][20]:219 Along with Jenny Holzer, Julia Scher, Lowell Darling, Laurie Anderson, Nam June Paik, Nayland Blake and Douglas Davis, Garrin was among a promising group of autonomous artists creating far-ranging works of art within the Web, tapping into the potential of the Web as a creative medium, thereby transcending the basic nature of the medium at the time.[7][20]:422

From the time he was a student at Cooper Union, Paul's video works focused on single and double channel pieces. After graduation, Garrin's work was heavily influenced by the experimental works of Nam June Paik. This influence is seen emerging in such works as "A Place to Hide", 1985, and a series of pieces in collaboration with musician and composer Ryuichi Sakamoto and video artist Kit Fitzgerald sponsored by SONY Corporation, 1985–86, most notably "A Human Tube".[19][22]

In 1988, Garrin created one of his most groundbreaking videos entitled "Free Society"[8][23] featuring original music by downtown composer and musician Elliott Sharp.[19] Featuring uniquely layered digital effects and hand-cutout images edited in a staccato pace that reflects the violence and brutality of the subject matter, "Free Society" went on to win numerous awards, was featured in video and film festivals around the world, and is in the permanent collection of the U.S. Library of Congress.[24] It also contains footage from his 1988 video[25] of the Tompkins Square Park Police Riot.

Art Videography

Fashion Video

Between the years 1984 to 1997, Garrin was among the pioneers in the field of fashion videography.[26] He worked with a number of popular fashion designers of the day. Highly attuned to the arts, they hired Garrin because of his background in fine arts, his experimental video works and collaborations with video artist Nam June Paik. Most notably were the designers Willi Smith,[27][28] Carmelo Pomodoro and David Cameron. Some of his fashion videos are in the collection of the Fashion Institute of Technology.

Interactive Installations

Since 1989, Garrin has been working with interactive media, and developed three highly acclaimed works, "Yuppie Ghetto with Watchdog",[8] 1989–90, "White Devil", 1992-93 and "Border Patrol" 1995-97, all of which were produced with the technical collaboration of friend and artist David Rokeby,[29] [30] creator of the "Very Nervous System", evolutions of which formed the basis of "Yuppie Ghetto", "White Devil", and "Border Patrol". Garrin also enlisted Don Ritter, another friend and artist working in the same realm to create the live targets in the Border Patrol installation.[31]

Exhibitions, Reviews, Publications

Garrin's works have been widely exhibited and broadcast internationally including the, 1995–96,[20] Kwangju Biennale, 1995,[4][29] São Paulo Art Biennial, 1994,[32] Holly Solomon Gallery in New York,[33] Musee d'art contemporain de Montreal, 1997,[4] Galleri Faurschou, Copenhagen, 1997,[34] Linz, 1998,[4] Lehmbruck Museum, Duisburg, Germany, 1999,[4] and has been reviewed in the New York Times,[35] Art in America, Artforum, and others.[7][36][37][38]

Garrin's works have been documented in numerous publications worldwide[3] including "History of 20th Century Art" by Taschen.[4][34][39]

His major works "Yuppie Ghetto with Watchdog", "White Devil" and "Border Patrol" are in the permanent collection of the Center for Art and Media Karlsruhe, Germany.

List of Exhibitions

The following is a list of exhibitions that showcased Garrin's art videos and interactive installations:[3]:11[4][7][8][18][20]:268,522[30][32]:464[34]

1985

1987

1988

1989

1990

1992

1993

1994

1995

1995-96

1997

1998

1999

Honors & Awards

Garrin was the Artist in Residence at the Berlin Videofest, 1990,[40] and has received numerous awards for excellence including New York Foundation for the Arts Fellowship, 1988;[21] Special Prize, Bonn Videonale,[39]:724 1988; New York State Council on the Arts Media Grant, 1990;[21] Prize, Video Shorts, Seattle, 1990 & 91; Prix Ars Electronica, 1997;[29] ZKM | Karlsruhe Medienkunstpreis, 1992.[41] In 2001, Garrin was awarded the Cooper Union President's Citation for outstanding attainments and contributions to his profession.[21]

List of Honors, Awards & Grants

The following is a list of awards Garrin received for his artworks and accomplishments:[3][21][29][32]:464[40]

1988

1990

1991

1992

1993

1997

2001

Paul Garrin and Nam June Paik

Starting as his assistant in 1981,[3][20]:219 Garrin eventually emerged as one of Nam June Paik's most important and longtime collaborators, working closely with him from 1982 to 1966.[4] Evident in Paik's later pieces, Garrin produced hundreds of works with his richly layered and textured tour-de-force imaging techniques, where images multiply and divide within the frame; temporal and spatial shifts proliferate, visuals and sound are juxtaposed in ironic contexts.[5]

These were exhibited and remain in the collections of major museums worldwide including the Museum of Modern Art (MoMa),[42] Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum,[43] Los Angeles County Museum of Art, Smithsonian American Art Museum,[44] Centre Georges Pompidou,[45][46] Museum Ludwig, and elsewhere.[47]

One such collaboration was Garrin and Paik's Two Channel Music Tape Spring/Fall (1986) comprising two different but complementary videos playing simultaneously on monitors. The visual interplay creates a rapid visual assault. Scenes are multi-layered, fleeting and hard to register. Aesthetically pleasing and amusing footage of the news, pop-culture, and art world are altered and synthesized with the pair's signature image-processing techniques. This piece was acquired by the Long Beach Museum of Art (LBMA) by museum curator Michael Nash in 1989.[4]

List of Exhibitions

The following is a list of exhibitions that showcased Paul Garrin and Nam June Paik's media art collaborations:[4][44][48]

1988

1989

1990

1991

Social Impact

Tompkins Square Park Riot

As an early citizen journalist, Garrin's noted video document[25] of the Tompkins Square Park Riot (1998) became iconic in exposing the coverup of police misconduct.[49] Shot with a home video camcorder, the tape exposed through the media the willful police violence against demonstrators and bystanders,[50] and became known as the spark which ignited the "camcorder revolution".[51]

Garrin, who was taking video pictures from atop a van was clubbed by two police officers (with other officers looking on) as he pleaded that he was climbing off the vehicle at their instruction and urged not to be hit.[52]:2 With his potentially incriminating video shown on many television stations, Garrin was one of the most prominent of the Tompkins Square victims. On the day after the riot, he received two anonymous threatening phone calls, and the day after that another two. He recalls the language in some of them: "You better get the fuck away -- they're gonna get you." "Paul, you stupid motherfucker, you got the whole Police Department against you." "You can run, but you can't hide."[52]:A-7

The video of the police riot[53] broke the story on the local television news[54] and became perhaps the first instance of a viral video in the days preceding the Internet. Airing on every news channel in New York City, the footage was picked up by other programs and channels around the world for many years to come.[55]

Pummeled by at least five officers[52]:55and video-documented by Clayton Patterson,[52]:59[56] a class action lawsuit was filed on behalf of Garrin.[52]:A-7 In addition to seeking damages for Garrin, the suit sought to end a longstanding pattern of police abuse, namely, interference with persons photographing and otherwise recording police actions.[52]:55:A-7[57]

Popular Culture

The media notoriety of the riot video with Garrin as videographer is believed to have inspired[58] the late playwright and then East Village, Manhattan resident Jonathan Larson to create the character "Mark Cohen" in Rent (musical).

Community Engagement

Officially serving on the Cooper Union Alumni Association (CUAA) Communications Committee,[59] Garrin has been an active member of the CUAA since 2011.

From the fall of 2011, Garrin participated in the Friends of Cooper Union and Free Cooper Union brainstorming events, and contributed to "The Way Forward"[60]:17 – a document of proposals to help restructure the Cooper Union to aid it out of the Cooper Union financial crisis and tuition protests, and restore full tuition scholarships to all of its students.

In 2013, Garrin co-organized a CUAA/CUES event in the Great Hall in conjunction with the MIT Enterprise Forum of NY on surveillance. Entitled "Ethics, Law & Surveillance Culture" the program featured author James Bamford, criminal defense attorney Stanley L. Cohen, New York Civil Liberties Union Director Donna Lieberman, and independent journalist Paul DeRienzo.[61][62][63]

By January 2014, Garrin successfully crowd-funded the Cooper Lumen Design Challenge,[64] partnering with non-profit Two Bridges Neighborhood Council to directly fund interdisciplinary student work for credit in the 2014 semester,[65] all of which has generated positive media for Cooper Union.[66][67]

Summary

From Media Artist to Internet Social Entrepreneur

In 1992, Garrin was a UNESCO Fellow at the Academy of Media Arts Cologne, Germany, where he was first introduced to the Internet.

Name.Space

Formerly PG Media, Garrin founded Name.Space in 1996, an independent top-level domain (TLD) registry with a primary mission to develop, publish and provide registry services for new TLDs on the Internet, to introduce competition, diversity and localism in the domain name market, and support the balanced interests of commercial, non-commercial, and political speech on the internet.[72]

Through online crowd-sourcing, Name.Space was the first to create hundreds of new Internet TLDs[15][16] including .NYC,.[73] ART, .MUSIC,.SPACE, .SUCKS and .GREEN,[74] pioneering the expansion[75] of the Internet Domain Name System while others opposed it. Some even spread untruths that the addition of hundreds or more TLDs would "break the Internet".[76] In reality, there are no technical constraints preventing the addition of thousands of new top-level names to the DNS root.[77]

Name.Space's creation of hundreds of TLDs predates the formation of the Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN) which incorporated in 1998[78][79] As an early proponent of a shared TLD registry system, Name.Space helped shape the adaptation of a wholesale-retail domain registration market that is in practice today.

Name.Space endeavored to bring its TLDs to market by means of an antitrust case against Network Solutions 1997-2000[80][81][82] (based on the successful MCI v. ATT[83] that broke up the telephone company monopoly in the USA in 1983). The Name.Space v. Network Solutions, Inc. antitrust lawsuit gave momentum to the restructuring of the domain name registration market from a single monopoly based system to a wholesale-retail one.[84][85]

Although Network Solutions got immunity from the antitrust law,[86] the public benefited from the Name.Space v. NSI lawsuit with the introduction of the wholesale-retail structure that transformed the domain registration market lowering fees from $100 to less than $10 to register a domain name, depending on the TLD and the retailer.[10][87]

ICANN held its first generic top-level domain (gTLD) application process in 2000.[88] Name.Space was considered in the top 10 "strong candidates" out of 44 applicants,[89] but delegation was deferred in favor of a very limited group of domain industry incumbents, almost all closely tied to ICANN, to the exclusion of many viable new entrants.[77][90] A number of ICANN Board members recused themselves from the gTLD selection process because of involvement with applications under consideration.[91] Particularly controversial was a proposal by Afilias LLC, an organization that includes 19 registrars, including Herndon, Va.-based Network Solutions Inc., the domain registration unit of VeriSign Inc., to run the registry for a .web domain.[92]

Nevertheless, former ICANN Chair Esther Dyson supported Name.Space's application. In her syndicated column in SFGate, an online version of the San Francisco Chronicle, she wrote:

"... the proposal of Name.Space appealed to me precisely because it was a mix of commerce and principle. If the company that wanted to offer .star and .jazz was prepared to subsidize .sucks, more power to it.[12]

Name.Space exists today as a social enterprise corporation and continues to challenge status-quo entities that it views as corrupt[16][86] with a current lawsuit against ICANN.[13][14]

WiFi-NY

In 2003, Garrin launched WiFi-NY, an independent, cooperative community wireless broadband network that serves downtown Manhattan and Brooklyn.[17][93] Since 2013, the WiFi-NY Peoples Emergency Network has been in partnership with Two Bridges Neighborhood Council, LES community groups, Cooper Union Alumnus, Toby J. Cumberbatch,[94] Professor of Engineering, Cooper Union and students from the Cooper Union schools of Art, Architecture, and Engineering to design a solar-powered product that can simultaneously provide public wireless Internet, emergency lighting and a charging station for computers or cell phones to enhance community resiliency post Hurricane Sandy. Community leaders supporting the Cooper Lumen Design Challenge[64] hope to install the resulting three-in-one power innovation(s) around public spaces — starting near the East River waterfront, and in common areas in Two Bridges, Lower East Side, Chinatown, Manhattan East Village and other New York City neighborhoods, where many suffered after losing power after Superstorm Sandy struck.[66]

References

  1. ↑ "Tactical Media Files Person". http://www.tacticalmediafiles.net. Tactical Media Files. Retrieved 20 March 2014. External link in |website= (help)
  2. ↑ Durning, Daniel (7 December 2012). "Paul Garrin, Media Art & Media Freedom". http://artonair.org. The Clocktower Gallery. Retrieved 20 March 2014. External link in |website= (help)
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 Hünnekens, Ludger (1992). "Medienkunstpreis 1992" [Media Art Award 1992]. Karlsruhe: ZKM, 1992 (in German) (Karlsruhe, Germany: Druckhaus Münster). Retrieved 23 March 2014.
  4. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Huffman, Kathy Rae; Buchanan, Nancy (2011). Exchange and Evolution: Worldwide Video Long Beach 1974-1999: 7 October 2011 - 2 February 2012. California, U.S.: Long Beach Museum of Art. pp. 90, 91. ISBN 978-0-9712772-1-2.
  5. 1 2 "Nam June Paik Archive". http://www.eai.org. Electronic Arts Intermix. Retrieved 20 March 2014. External link in |website= (help)
  6. ↑ Ferguson, Sarah (3 April 2011). "Casting a Wider Net". The Village Voice. Retrieved 20 March 2014.
  7. 1 2 3 4 Drier, Melissa (February 1990). "VideoFest '90". Telefilm Canada (Montréal, Canada: Telefilm Canada).
  8. 1 2 3 4 5 Gever, Martha (May 1990). "Media in the Present Tense. Highlights from the 1990 Berlin Video Festival". The Independent (New York City, U.S.: Independent Media Publications).
  9. ↑ Glueck, Grace (26 July 1996). "Art in Review". New York Times. Retrieved 20 March 2014.
  10. 1 2 Name.Space (7 April 1998), About Name.Space, Name.Space, retrieved 23 March 2014
  11. ↑ Garrin, Paul. (7 April 1998), Name.Space.Charter: Establishing Policy for Equitable Global Nameservice Through Practice, National Telecommunications and Information Administration, retrieved 23 March 2014
  12. 1 2 Dyson, Esther (3 December 2000). "Freedon to Criticize Belongs on the Web". SFGate. Retrieved 21 March 2014.
  13. 1 2 "Name.Space, Inc. v ICANN (lawsuit in United States District Court for the Central District of California)". Retrieved 24 March 2014.
  14. 1 2 "Name.Space files law suit against ICANN" (Press release). Name.Space. 28 March 2012. Retrieved 24 March 2014.
  15. 1 2 Anderson, Lincoln (12 April 2012). "’Net pioneer isn’t giving up on .nyc or on 481 others". The Villager (New York City, U.S.: Jennifer G oodstein). line feed character in |publisher= at position 11 (help)
  16. 1 2 3 Anderson, Lincoln (25 October 2012). "'Net Rebel sues over .nyc, .sex and wants damages". [The Villager]. Retrieved 21 March 2014.
  17. 1 2 "About WiFi-NY". Retrieved 24 March 2014.
  18. 1 2 3 Wilson, Marcia (6 February 1991). "Video Artist Paul Garrin". Downtown Express.
  19. 1 2 3 Adams, Brooks (29 September 1998). "More than just High-Tech Video". Hayward Gallery (South Bank Centre London: Hayward Gallery).
  20. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Richard Crevier; John Doherty; Bernard Eisenchitz; Brian Holmes; Laurent Muhleism; Marie-Noelle Ryan. "3e biennale de lyon d'art contemporian (installation, cinema, video, informatique)". 3e biennale de lyo: 22,216–219,268,442–443,522.
  21. 1 2 3 4 5 "Alumni Hall of Fame Profile Archive". http://www.cualumni.com. The Cooper Union for the Advancement of Science and Art. Retrieved 20 March 2014. External link in |website= (help)
  22. ↑ Garrin, Paul (Artist,Director) (8 September 2008). A Place to Hide (Art Videotape). New York City: replace.TV. External link in |title= (help)
  23. ↑ "Free Society". http://www.filmladen.de/dokfest. Filmladen Kassel e.V. 10–15 November 2009. Retrieved 20 March 2014. External link in |website= (help)
  24. ↑ Rosenblatt, Stephen (4 December 1992), Notice for Mandatory Deposit of Motion Pictures: Free Society: Man With A Video Camera, Library of Congress, Washington D.C., U.S.
  25. 1 2 Garrin, Paul (Artist, Documentarist) (1988). (Video). New York City: Garrin, Paul. External link in |title= (help)
  26. ↑ Michael Nash, Kim Harlan Tassie (1991). Art of music video : ten years after (Video, Videocassette, U-matic, Visual material). California, U.S.: Long Beach Museum of Art Video Archive, circa 1970-2000. Retrieved 24 March 2014.
  27. ↑ Willi Smith, Paul Garrin (1984). Sub-urban Williwear the Fall 1984 collection (VHS video, VHS tape, U-matic, Visual material). New York City, U.S.: Williwear Ltd., ©1984. Retrieved 24 March 2014.
  28. ↑ Willi Smith, Paul Garrin (1985). Sightseeing, spring '85 : Williwear, Willi Smith (VHS video, VHS tape, U-matic, Visual material). New York City, U.S.: New York : Post Productions : Nexus, ©1984. Retrieved 24 March 2014.
  29. 1 2 3 4 Rokeby, David. "Border Patrol (collaboration with Paul Garrin) (1995)". Retrieved 23 March 2014.
  30. 1 2 Levin, Kim (20 February 1990). "Art That Barks. Art That Bites.". The Village Voice.
  31. ↑ "Orpheus". Retrieved 24 March 2014.
  32. 1 2 3 "22a Bienal Internacional de São Paulo". 22. Bienal Internacional São Paulo: 20, 34, 462–467. 12 October – 11 December 1994.
  33. ↑ Hagen, Charles (4 February 1994). "Peter Hutchinson and Paul Garrin". The New York Times.
  34. 1 2 3 Paul Garrin. Border Patrol. (Postcard Advertisement). Copenhagen: Galleri Faurschou. 1997.
  35. ↑ Grundberg, Andy (2 February 1990). "'Video Spin-Offs'". The New York Times.
  36. ↑ Blick (19 February 1990). "Video Verite. Ein Gesprach mit dem Videokunstler Paul Garrin" [Video Verite. A conversation with the video artist Paul Garrin]. Tageszeitung (in German) (Berlin, Germany: taz, die tageszeitung Verlagsgenossenschaft eG).
  37. ↑ "Kassiber Aus Dem Leben. Paul Garrin zu Gast in der Medienoperative" [Secret Message From Life. Paul Garrin guest in the MediA Operative]. Tageszeitung (in German) (Berlin, Germany: taz, die tageszeitung Verlagsgenossenschaft eG). 19 February 1990.
  38. ↑ "System-Kritik. Stiehlt das Videofest '90 der etablierten Berlinale die Schau?" [System Critic. Steals the Video Festival Berlinale '90, established the show?]. Film & TV Magazin (in German) (Berlin, Germany). 1990.
  39. 1 2 Schneckenburger, Manfred; Frike, Christiane; Honnef, Klaus (1998). ART of the 20th Century II. Germany: Taschen. pp. 613, 614, 724. ISBN 3-8228-8576-2.
  40. 1 2 Schulze, Christian (20 February 1990). "VideoFest '90" [VideoFest '90]. Zitty (in German) (Berlin, Germany: Verlag Der Tagesspiegel GmbH).
  41. ↑ Weibel, Peter (1992). "Siemens Media Art Prize 1992. Electronics virtuoso and social workers.". Center for Art and Media Karlsruhe. Archived from the original on 1992. Retrieved 22 March 2014.
  42. ↑ "Nam June Paik (American, born Korea. 1932–2006) with Paul Garrin, Betsy Connors. Living with the Living Theatre". Retrieved 24 March 2014.
  43. ↑ Hanhardt, John G. "The Worlds Of Nam June Paik". Retrieved 23 March 2014.
  44. 1 2 "Checklist, Nam June Paik: Global Visionary 13 Dec 2012 - 11 August 2013" (PDF), Smithsonian American Art Museum (Berlin: Springer-Verlag), 12 December 2012: 1–10
  45. ↑ "Good Morning Mr. Orwell (1984)". Retrieved 24 March 2014.
  46. ↑ "Good Morning Mr. Orwell". Retrieved 24 March 2014.
  47. ↑ Langer, Brian; Kirker, Anne; Burnett, David. "Liquid Medium". Retrieved 23 March 2014.
  48. ↑ "Exchange and Evolution: Worldwide Video Long Beach 1974-1999". Retrieved 24 March 2014.
  49. ↑ McFadden, Robert D. (8 April 1988). "Park Curfew Protest Erupts Into a Battle And 38 Are Injured". The New York Times. Retrieved 21 March 2014.
  50. ↑ Flash, Chris. "Tompkin Square Riot Memories". Retrieved 21 March 2014.
  51. ↑ Garrin, Paul (2008). The 1988 Tompkins Square Police Riot - A Video Point of View. Interview with Chris Flash. The Shadow. New York City. Retrieved 21 March 2014.
  52. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Gevirtz, Leslie (June 1990). "Report: Police Abuse: The Need for Civilian Investigation and Oversight". NYCLU (New York City: New York Civil Liberties Union).
  53. ↑ French, Howard W.; Wines, Michael; Purdum, Todd S. (14 August 1988). "Melee in Tompkins Sq. Park: Violence and Its Provocation". The New York Times. Retrieved 21 March 2014.
  54. ↑ Garrin, Paul (Artist, Director) (1989). (Art Videotape). New York City: Garrin, Paul. External link in |title= (help)
  55. ↑ Eric. "A piece of tactical media history: The Tompkins Square Riots and the ‘Camcorder Revolution’". Retrieved 21 March 2014.
  56. ↑ Patterson, Clayton (Documentarist) (1988). Tompkins Square Park Police Riot August 1988 (Video). New York City: Clayton Patterson. Event occurs at 2:30 "minutes in".
  57. ↑ Koch, Ed (3 November 2012). Mayor Ed Koch on the Tompkins Square Park Police Riot of 1988 (Video). New York City: The Daily Beast. Event occurs at "Event occurs at time" 0:05.
  58. ↑ Ferguson, Sarah (23–30 December 2005). "Far from heaven sent, Rent is all-Hollywood". Downtown Express. Retrieved 21 March 2014.
  59. ↑ "Communications Committee Page". Retrieved 22 March 2014.
  60. ↑ Friends of Cooper Union (26 April 2012). "The Way Forward" (PDF). New York City: Friends of Cooper Union.
  61. ↑ Cooper Union. "Event: Ethics, Law, and Surveillance Culture". Retrieved 21 March 2014.
  62. ↑ James Bamford, Stanley Cohen, Donna Lieberman, Paul DeRienzo. (23 September 2013). Ethics, Law, and Surveillance Culture (Live event recording). New York City: Cooper Union Entrepreneurship Society.
  63. ↑ admin (3 October 2013). "Panel tears the lid off the culture of surveillance". [The Villager]. Retrieved 21 March 2014.
  64. 1 2 3 "December Crowdfunding Corner 2013. Cooper Lumen Challenge by Toby Cumberbach and Paul Garrin A'82". Retrieved 22 March 2014.
  65. 1 2 Toby Cumberbatch, Harrison Cohen, Kerri Culhane, Carlina Rivera. (3 November 2013). Cooper Lumen Design Challenge (Video Production). New York City: Two Bridges Neighborhood Council, Cooper Union Alumnus.
  66. 1 2 Spokony, Sam (12 Dec 2013). "Cooper, community team to create emergency system". The Villager. Retrieved 21 March 2014.
  67. ↑ Holly Louise (14 January 2014). "Cooper Lumen Design Challenge Seeking Funds for Lower East Side Project". http://www.boweryboogie.com. Bowery Boogie. Retrieved 21 March 2014. External link in |website= (help)
  68. ↑ "Alumni Participate in Ruckus NYC". Retrieved 22 March 2014.
  69. ↑ "Law Affinity Group Pop-Up". Retrieved 22 March 2014.
  70. ↑ "Ethics, Law, and Surveillance Culture Event Summary - September 23, 2013". Retrieved 22 March 2014.
  71. ↑ "CUAA Provides Docents For Ken Burns Charity Event". Retrieved 22 March 2014.
  72. ↑ Paul Garrin (25 August 2003). "Name.Space Comments on ICANN RFP for Sponsored Top Level Domain Applications". http://forum.icann.org. Retrieved December 5, 2014. External link in |website= (help)
  73. ↑ Patterson, Clayton (17 May 2012). "'Net pioneer needs help in fight for rights to .nyc". The Villager. Retrieved 21 March 2014.
  74. ↑ Murphy, Kevin (22 March 2012). "Company claims ownership of 482 new gTLDs". Domain Incite (London, U.K.: Domain Incite). Retrieved 24 March 2014.
  75. ↑ Rushkoff, David (9 May 2008). "YOUR.NAME.HERE. Paul Garrin's alternate network of nameservers rocks". Retrieved 21 March 2013.
  76. ↑ Paganelli, Frank V. (13 March 1998), Ex Parte Meeting of March 13, 1998, National Telecommunications and Information Administration, retrieved 23 March 2014
  77. 1 2 [http://www.cs.duke.e du/courses/cps182s/fall03/readings/tprc-2001-mueller.pdf Competing DNS Roots: Creative Destruction or Just Plain Destruction?] Check |url= value (help) (PDF). TPRC’s 29th Research Conference on Communication, Information, Cabbages, and Kings. October 2001. pp. 1–19. line feed character in |url= at position 21 (help)
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  86. 1 2 Dillon, John (Winter 1996–1997), "Networking with Spooks" (PDF), CovertAction Quarterly (CovertAction Quarterly) 59 (64): 30–31, ISSN 1067-7232
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  88. ↑ "New TLD Application Process Overview". Retrieved 24 March 2014.
  89. ↑ Louis Touton, Vint Cerf, Esther Dyson (15 November 2000). ICANN board (sans recused members) discusses the Name.Space gTLD application 2000 (Live recording). Marina Del Ray, California: replace.TV.
  90. ↑ Charny, Ben (17 November 2000). "ICANN names new dot-competition". ZDNet. Retrieved 21 March 2014.
  91. ↑ "ICANN Governance", Senate Hearing 107-1100, 14 February 2001
  92. ↑ Thibodeau, Patrick (20 November 2000). [h http://www.computerworld.com/s/article/54206/.com_gets_company_controversy_flares ".com gets company; controversy flares. Naming authority approves seven more domains; some fault selection process."] Check |url= value (help). Computerworld. Retrieved 21 March 2014. line feed character in |url= at position 2 (help)
  93. ↑ Lincoln, Anderson (2–8 August 2006). "Freeing the ’Net through wind-powered wireless". The Villager (New York City, U.S.: Jennifer Goodstein). Retrieved 24 March 2014.
  94. ↑ "Albert Nerken School of Engineering Faculty & Staff. Toby J. Cumberbatch. Professor of Electrical Engineering". Retrieved 24 March 2014.

Further reading

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