Paul Poiret

Paul Poiret, c. 1913
Autograph of Paul Poiret
Poiret illustrations by Paul Iribe, 1908
Poiret harem pants and sultana skirts, 1911
Model in a Poiret dress, 1914
Model in a Poiret suit, 1914

Paul Poiret (20 April 1879, Paris, France – 30 April 1944, Paris) was a leading French fashion designer during the first two decades of the 20th century. His contributions to his field have been likened to Picasso's legacy in 20th-century art.[1][2]

Early life and career

Poiret was born on 20 April 1879 to a cloth merchant in the poor neighborhood of Les Halles, Paris.[1] His parents, in an effort to rid him of his natural pride, apprenticed him to an umbrella maker.[1] There, he collected scraps of silk left over from the cutting of umbrella patterns, and fashioned clothes for a doll that one of his sisters had given him.[1] While a teenager, Poiret took his sketches to Louise Chéruit, a prominent dressmaker, who purchased a dozen from him.[1] Poiret continued to sell his drawings to major Parisian couture houses, until he was hired by Jacques Doucet in 1896.[1] His first design, a red cloth cape, sold 400 copies.[1] Poiret later moved to the House of Worth, where he was responsible for designing simple, practical dresses.[1] The "brazen modernity of his designs," however, proved too much for Worth's conservative clientele.[1] When Poiret presented the Russian Princess Bariatinsky with a Confucius coat with an innovative kimono-like cut, for instance, she exclaimed, "What a horror! When there are low fellows who run after our sledges and annoy us, we have their heads cut off, and we put them in sacks just like that."[1]

Poiret's influence expands

Poiret established his own house in 1903, and made his name with his controversial kimono coat and similar, loose-fitting designs created specifically for an uncorseted, slim figure.[1] He designed flamboyant window displays and threw sensational parties to draw attention to his work. His instinct for marketing and branding was unmatched by any other Parisian designer, although the pioneering fashion shows of the British-based Lucile (Lady Duff Gordon) had already attracted tremendous publicity.[1] In 1909, he was so famous, Margot Asquith, wife of British Prime Minister H. H. Asquith, invited him to show his designs at 10 Downing Street.[1] The cheapest garment at the exhibition was 30 guineas, double the annual salary of a scullery maid.[1]

Poiret's house expanded to encompass interior decoration and fragrance.[1] In 1911, he introduced “Parfums de Rosine,” named after his daughter, becoming the first French couturier to launch a signature fragrance, although again the London designer Lucile had preceded him with a range of in-house perfumes as early as 1907.[3] In1911 Poiret unveiled “Parfums de Rosine" with a flamboyant soiree held at his palatial home, attended by the cream of Parisian society and the artistic world. Poiret fancifully christened the event “la mille et deuxième nuit” (The Thousand and Second Night), inspired by the fantasy of a sultan's harem.[4] His gardens were illuminated by lanterns, set with tents, and live, tropical birds. Madame Poiret herself luxuriated in a golden cage. Poiret was the reigning sultan, gifting each guest with a bottle of his new fragrance creation, appropriately named to befit the occasion, “Nuit Persane.” His marketing strategy, played out as entertainment, became the talk of Paris. A second scent debuted in 1912 - “Le Minaret,” again emphasizing the harem theme.

In 1911, publisher Lucien Vogel dared photographer Edward Steichen to promote fashion as a fine art in his work.[5] Steichen responded by snapping photos of gowns designed by Poiret, hauntingly backlit and shot at inventive angles.[5] These were published in the April 1911 issue of the magazine Art et Décoration.[5] According to historian Jesse Alexander, the occasion is "now considered to be the first ever modern fashion photography shoot," in which garments were imaged as much for their artistic quality as their formal appearance.[6] A year later, Vogel began his renowned fashion journal La Gazette du Bon Ton, which showcased Poiret's designs, drawn by top illustrators, along with six other leading Paris designers – Louise Chéruit, Georges Doeuillet, Jacques Doucet, Jeanne Paquin, Redfern, and the House of Worth. However, notable couture names were missing from this brilliant assemblage, including such major tastemakers as Lucile, Jeanne Lanvin and the Callot Soeurs.

Also in 1911, Poiret launched the École Martine, a home decor division of his design house, named for his second daughter. The establishment provided artistically inclined, working-class girls with trade skills and income.

In 1911 Poret leased part of the property at 109 Rue du Faubourg Saint Honoré to his friend Henri Barbazanges, who opened the Galerie Barbazanges to exhibit contemporary art.[7] The building was beside Poiret's 18th century mansion at 26 Avenue d'Antin.[8] Poiret reserved the right to hold two exhibitions each year. One of these was L'Art Moderne en France from 16–31 July 1916, organized by André Salmon.[7] Salmon called the exhibition the "Salon d'Antin". Artists included Pablo Picasso, who showed Les Demoiselles d'Avignon for the first time, Amedeo Modigliani, Moïse Kisling, Manuel Ortiz de Zárate and Marie Vassilieff.[8] Poiret also arranged concerts of new music at the gallery, often in combination with exhibitions of new art. The 1916 Salon d'Antin included readings of poetry by Max Jacob and Guillaume Apollinaire, and performances of work by Erik Satie, Darius Milhaud, Igor Stravinsky and Georges Auric.[9]

Collapse of the Poiret fashion house

Early in World War I, Poiret left his fashion house to serve the military.[1] When he returned in 1919, the business was on the brink of bankruptcy.[1] New designers like Chanel were producing simple, sleek clothes that relied on excellent workmanship.[1] In comparison, Poiret's elaborate designs seemed dowdy and poorly manufactured.[1] (Though Poiret's designs were groundbreaking, his construction was not — he aimed only for his dresses to "read beautifully from afar.")[1] Poiret, increasingly unpopular, in debt, and lacking support from his business partners, soon left the fashion empire he had established.[1] In 1929, the house was closed, its leftover stock sold by the kilogram as rags.[1] When Poiret died in 1944, his genius had been forgotten.[1] His road to poverty led him to odd jobs, including work as a street painter, selling drawings to customers of Paris cafes. At one time, the 'Chambre syndicale de la Haute Couture' discussed providing a monthly allowance to aid Poiret, an idea rejected by the Worth, at that time president of the group. Only the help of his friend Elsa Schiaparelli prevented his name from encountering complete oblivion, and it was Schiaparelli who paid for his burial.

Aesthetic and legacy

Though perhaps best known for freeing women from corsets (although he did not single-handedly accomplish this revolution) and for claiming authorship of the hobble skirt, harem pants,[10] and "lampshade" tunic, Poiret's major contribution to fashion was his development of the dressmaking technique known as draping, a departure from the tailoring and pattern-making of the past.[11] Poiret was influenced by antique and regional dress, and favored clothing cut along straight lines and constructed of rectangular motifs.[11] The structural simplicity of his clothing represented a "pivotal moment in the emergence of modernism" generally, and "effectively established the paradigm of modern fashion, irrevocably changing the direction of costume history.[11]

Poiret clothing features prominently in the collections of fashion museums worldwide, and his perfumes, the Parfums de Rosine, are preserved in the archives of the Osmothèque in Versailles.[12][13]

Personal life

In 1905, Poiret married Denise Boulet, a provincial girl; they would later have five children together.[1] Denise, a slender and youthful woman, was Poiret's muse and the prototype of la garçonne.[11] In 1913, Poiret told Vogue, "My wife is the inspiration for all my creations; she is the expression of all my ideals."[11] The two later were divorced, in 1928 after twenty-three years of marriage, in a proceeding that was far from amicable.[1]

See also

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 Bowles, Hamish. "Fashioning the Century." Vogue (May 2007): 236–250. A condensed version of this article appears online.
  2. ↑ The Way We Move: How Paul Poiret freed us from the corset, by Josh Patner, Slate, 18 May 2007
  3. ↑ Mazzeo, Tilar J., The Secret of Chanel No. 5, (2010), p. 26; Bigham, Randy Bryan, Lucile - Her Life by Design (2012), pp. 46-47.
  4. ↑ Mazzeo, Tilar J., The Secret of Chanel No. 5 (2010), p. 25
  5. 1 2 3 Niven, Penelope (1997). Steichen: A Biography. New York: Clarkson Potter. ISBN 0-517-59373-4, p. 352
  6. ↑ Alexander, Jesse, "Edward Steichen: Lives in Photography," HotShoe magazine, no.151, December/January 2008, pp.66 – 67
  7. 1 2 "Gallery Barbazanges", kubisme.info (in Dutch), retrieved 2016-01-22
  8. 1 2 Klüver, Billy; Cocteau, Jean (1999), A Day with Picasso, MIT Press, pp. 63–65, ISBN 978-0-262-61147-3, retrieved 2016-01-23
  9. ↑ Davis, Mary E. (2007-06-15), Erik Satie, Reaktion Books, p. 104, ISBN 978-1-86189-602-5, retrieved 2016-01-23
  10. ↑ Art Bulletin of Victoria, Issues 34-36. Victoria: Council of the National Gallery of Victoria. 1994. p. 35. Mulvagh, p. 19, suggests that the jupe-culotte was introduced by Poiret, Bourniche and Margaine-Lacroix, while books on Poiret credit it to him alone.
  11. 1 2 3 4 5 The Metropolitan Museum of Art – Special Exhibitions: Poiret: King of Fashion
  12. ↑ Osmothèque - Conservatoire international des parfums. Official website. Web.
  13. ↑ http://collections.vam.ac.uk/name/poiret-paul/4496/

External links

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