Pay to fly

Pay-to-fly or pay-to-work programs,[1] sometimes referred to as "pay-to-fly"[2] or "p2f", also known as 'self-sponsored line training',[3] are an aviation industry practice whereby a professional pilot operates an aircraft on revenue-earning commercial operation [4] by paying for it.[5]

Prices range from around 14,000 euros[6] to sometimes over 85,000 euros [7][8] for a 'flight hour package' of generally 500 hours [5][9][10] on an airliner,[9][10][11] no salaries involved.[5][7][12][13][14] When remuneration is offered,[15] substantial loans [16] to third parties (brokers), are enforced,[17] that outweigh (pilots') financial gain.[18][19]

Typical 'customers' include, but are not limited to, 'low timers' (inexperienced pilots) and low-hour type rated pilots [20] (e.g. B737 type rated -or qualified-, A320 type rated etc...) that pay to work to build hours and improve their odds at finding an employment as airline pilots,[21][22] thus challenging the 'pilot shortage' mainstream consensus.[23][24]

The practice extends to airline-dedicated pilot training, in the form of type ratings available for a check,[25][26][27][28] no employment guarantee at stakes, where pilots further shift from investment-worth company assets to source of revenue.[29][30]

FAA

The Colgan Air Flight 3407 crash led to the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) passing new pilot qualification standards.[23] These standards also addressed a mandate passed by the U.S. Congress when they enacted H.R. 5900 (111th),[31] the Airline Safety and FAA Extension Act of 2010.[32]

This act also foresaw the modification of "requirements for the issuance of an airline transport pilot certificate"[33] in ways that were implemented by FAA's regulation & policy n°8900.225[34] titled Pilot Certification and Qualification Requirements for Air Carrier Operations[35] on July 10, 2013 [36]

Aforementioned regulation reduced the scope of 'pay-to-fly' among FAA licensees by raising minimum standards.[23] Indeed, to serve as SIC (Second In Command or First Officer) :

"A pilot may be eligible if he or she was a military-trained pilot; a graduate of a four-year bachelor degree program with an aviation major; a graduate of a two-year associate degree program with an aviation major; or has 1,500 hours total time as a pilot".[37]

No regulations explicitly ban 'pay-to-fly'.

EASA

"The fact that airlines make their personnel pay does not intervene in aviation safety regulation, as long as pilots are technically qualified"[5] _Dominique Fouda, Head of EASA's Communication Department

In Europe, among EASA licence holders, 'pay-to-fly' is a practice acknowledged to exist,[1][38] though, "neither the European Commission, nor the EASA care":[5]

"The fact that airlines make their personnel pay does not intervene in aviation safety regulation, as long as pilots are technically qualified",[5] said Dominique Fouda, EASA Head of Communication & Quality Department.[39]

Switzerland

According to FOCA vice director Marcel Zuckschwerdt:[40]

"There is no regulation that would prohibit from doing this [pay-to-fly], it is absolutely possible. One can wonder of course, is it safe? Is it acceptable in terms of safety? And when we examined the matter, we reached the conclusion that, in the end, it's the pilot motivation that is the argument to say it is satisfying in terms of safety" [8] (at 9':50")

France

'Pay-to-fly' is illegal per social regulation as a work contract can be established on demand by a judge as long as:

  1. there's a proven subordination relationship between the service provider and the party benefiting from said service;
  2. the moral or physical person benefiting from the service enforces a framework to which the service provider abides.

Legal action can be taken in case of violation, and sanctions can amount from 45,000 to 220,000 euros in fines and 3 years of prison.[41] According to the French DGAC, "pay-to-fly is not used among carriers operated under the French flag" [5] which doesn't prevent French pilots from suffering from it.[5][7][22]

Statistics

In 2013, 1,739 French pilots were registed in Pôle emploi, a 43% rise as per the three preceding years.[5] In December 2014, graduate student pilots from the ENAC (French Civil Aviation University) alone, reported under the AGEPAC association that, from 2006 to 2011 concerning a sample of 319 pilots:[42]

As a result, of the pilots not flying as their main activity:

Norway

The Civil Aviation Authority, responsible for aviation safety in Norway, is not concerned.

According to Frode Lenning, head of Fleet Operation Section, CAA: “Pilots have been trained within commercial companies for years. However, it is new that some companies ask money to train pilots within their own company [...] We have been training cadet pilots in the cockpit for years, at different levels. What is new here, is the social aspect, and this is not part of the aviation safety regulatory system” [18]".

However, during the pilots' strike of Norwegian in March 2015,[47] 'pay-to-fly' airline Small Planet Airlines [48] performed 50 NAS slots under wet lease,[18] establishing a workforce that pay to work while at the same time breaking their colleagues' strike.

Netherlands

"Given the fact that EASA tackles this issue appropriately and also given the fact that the Dutch aviation sector to the extent known is currently not using these contracts on a large scale, from a safety point of view there is as yet no reason to intervene at a national level."[49] _Wilma Mansveld

Since 2008 the job market for pilots has deteriorated rapidly. Most pilots that have been trained at a Dutch flight school have to look for a job abroad. According to VNV-DALPA the job market for ab initio pilots is poor. "Some companies outside the Netherlands do hire pilots, but these are so-called pay to fly-schemes. This means pilots have to invest a lot of money for a badly paid job and a temporary contract".[50]

On May 22, 2015, Member of Dutch Parliament Martijn van Helvert issued a first round of four questions to the House of Representatives of the States General on 'pay to fly', answered on June 2, 2015 by State Secretary for the Ministry of Infrastructure and the Environment Wilma Mansveld.[49]

A second round of seven questions and answers followed on June 22, 2015.[51]

Statistics

In February 2015 the Dutch Airline Pilots Association (VNV - Dutch ALPA) reported 1,200 Dutch pilots out of 4,100 worldwide (almost 30%) were unemployed.[52] The unemployment rate remains high.[53]

Germany

"Given these strongly undesirable developments in the aviation industry [p2f], I would like to see a determined action by the EU Commission. An end to the exploitation of young pilots must now be set."[54] _Jutta Steinruck

On May 5, 2015, Member of European Parliament Jutta Steinruck issued a set of three written questions to the European Commission under the subject "Exploitative employment models at low-cost airlines (‘Pay to Fly’)":[55]

  1. Is the Commission aware that European airlines operate Pay to Fly schemes? [55]
  2. Does the Commission agree that this employment model may undermine aviation safety? [55]
  3. Does the Commission intend to take action against airlines which operate these exploitative schemes, and will it investigate training systems in the aviation sector? [55]

On behalf of the Commission, on July 10th 2015, Violeta Bulc respectively answered:[56]

  1. The Commission has been informed recently by pilots' organisations about pay-to-fly schemes used by certain European airlines. The Commission services are currently investigating this specific matter.[56]
  2. The Commission has so far not received clear evidence as to the impact of this employment model on safety.[56]
  3. Based on the information and data collected, the nature and extent of the phenomenon will be assessed and the need for targeted action discussed at the appropriate level.[56]

The questions were formulated 2 days before the May 7th 2015 EP "Committee on Employment and Social Affairs" meeting in Brussels that MEP Steinruck also attended where 'pay-to-fly' was discussed.[57]

Statistics

From a 2013 Der Spiegel article, "According to calculations by [VC spokesman Handwerg]'s union, there are already more than 1,500 unemployed pilots in Germany, an upward trend".[58]

United Kingdom

Following the ECA Conference of February 12-13th 2015 on "Atypical Employment"[59] where one "Nextgen pilot [said] pay to fly is wrong but policy makers turning their backs [...]",[60] BALPA launched the NexGen program on February 27 to "protect the Profession by reaching down to new entrants".[61] Acknowledging "the most difficult part of pilots’ career is the beginning",[62] Wendy Pursey, head of membership and career services[63] at BALPA authored[64] a booklet titled Becoming A Pilot: The Inside Track,[65] warning :

"BALPA does not recommend funding type ratings unless absolutely necessary".[65]

Statistics

Questioned by The Guardian on October 24, 2015, Pursey assessed :

Of the 560 cadets in Balpa’s membership :

Controversy

Pros

Defending the 'pay-to-fly' model, a Cockpit4u spokeswoman stated: "It opens up career starters opportunities that are currently not offered on the European market. Abroad such training programs have been common for years".[66]

Baltic Aviation Academy's view: When employed regularly, one "will most likely sign an agreement which indicates some sort of liabilities [...] and concessions for the company" that will "commit [oneself] to fly for a few years with that airline" with a "salary deduction from your monthly payment" in order to reimburse the airline's investment on the pilot whereas, one can "choose paid Line Training" to gain "independence" and avoid being "absolutely in [an airline's] service", to "gain the 'luxury' of choosing the airline which you would love to work for and ability to focus on the job which will bring you everyday pleasure" [67]

"Independence" comes at 19,500 euros the type rating, to which a line training opportunity can be added that "can vary from 46,000 to 55,000 euros" [26]

AviationCV reckons: "Line training price depends on the type of aircraft [...] line training A320 might cost around 40 000 – 50 000€ [...]. Usually cadets are asked to pay around 60% of payment before the program and rest of it after. It is important to mention that when obtaining for line training, pilots are not being paid."[68] adding: "Despite the opinion that line training destroys the airline pilot industry (“Pay to fly”), line training is in itself necessary [...]. For sure, there was a time when airline pilot training was sponsored by the airline hiring a pilot. However, the situation has changed and only few airlines still apply this policy [...]. In order to start your pilot’s career, you need to invest."[68]

Cons

Since the beginning of the recession “pay to fly” contracts have been introduced by some carriers. These contracts are designed to provide flexibility to the carrier and usually involve all the training costs being met by the applicant.[65] Unfortunately at present, due to the economic situation and the surplus of pilots, this appears to be becoming an increasing trend and arguably results in individuals having limited loyalty and moving on to another airline which offers better careers, contracts/benefits/pay and long-term permanent employment at the earliest opportunity. In order to remain competitive many other carriers are seeing this as an attractive option resulting in potentially this type of contract being more common in the future. According to BALPA, "this is shortsighted and will ultimately deter some potentially good pilots from entering the industry",[65] adding the Association is "concerned by the implications long-term".[65]

The spreading of the practice is also linked to the rise of pilot generations "slowly strangled by their debt"[69] where, pilot unions warn, "only the wealthiest, rather than the best, candidates will become pilots, because growing numbers of airlines are having their cadets pay to fly".[70]

The ECA considers pay-to-fly as being "flexible contractual set-ups that are often at the edge of what is legal and what is necessary to guarantee flight safety".[38]

"These set-ups force employees into temporary contract relationships, fake self-employment (e.g. requiring air crew to set up their own limited liability company that offers its services though agencies to the airline), and/or making use of fake work bases in non-European countries, and ‘pay to fly’ (P2F) programs (whereby newly graduated pilots have to pay their airline for gaining flying experience on an aircraft)" [38]

Aside from a French senator report of information in the name of European commission affairs on social dumping in transports[1] and a European petition supported by the ECA, as far as 'pay-to-fly' is concerned, no regulation and no legislation have been proposed so far.

Airlines and brokers involved

When the information is available, brokers also aviation schools are prefixed: *

TRTOs (Type Rating Training Organisations) prefixed: **

Broker (when applicable) Airlines Type Ratings Line Training
Czech Republic Aerojob[71][72] Travel Service a.s (under SmartWings) Yes[73] No
(Unknown) Aeronova Yes[74][75] Yes[74][75]
Latvia ***Air Baltic Training[76] (subsidiary of Air Baltic) Air Baltic Yes [27][77] Yes [77]
Turkey *Atlantic Flight Academy (AFA)[78] Atlasjet Yes [79][80] Yes [80]
Netherlands Aircrew Training Center (ATC)[81][82] Farnair (and subsidiary Farnair Training), Enter Air,[82] Carpatair Yes [28][82][83] Yes [28][82][83]
Tunisia **Aviation Training Center of Tunisia (ATCT)[84] in partnership with *G Air Training Center (Tunisair)[85] Nouvelair,[12][13] Tunisair [14][85] Yes [86][87] Yes [12][13][14][85][88] (1)
Vietnam Atrans Aviation[89] VietjetAir No Yes[90][91]
Lithuania AviationCV (Unknown) No Yes[92]
Lithuania ***Baltic Aviation Academy Atlasjet,[93] Estonian Air [93] Yes [25][26] (Estonian Air) [93] Yes [25][26] (not Estonian Air) [93]
(Unknown) Blue Panorama Airlines No No
Republic of Ireland CAE Parc Aviation and United Kingdom Brookfield Aviation International Ryanair, EasyJet Yes [94][95](2) Yes[95][96]
Germany **Cockpit4U Germania [5][97] Yes [5][97][98] Yes [5][97][99](3)
(Unknown) Croatia Airlines No Yes[100]
Republic of Ireland Direct Personnel (Unknown) No No
United States Eagle Jet [10] Lion Air [10][101] No Yes [10][101]
Spain Elite Sky Aviation [102] (Unknown) No Yes [103]
Hong Kong ETOPS Flight [6] Royal Air Maroc Express [6] Yes (broker only [104][105][106] ) Yes [6]
Malaysia Fly Gosh (Unknown) No No
Spain *FTE Jerez Volotea Yes[107] Yes[107]
(Unknown) Galain Aviation No Yes[108]
United Kingdom **IAGO flight training UK Thomas Cook Yes Yes
Switzerland IXO Aviation Swiss (Unknown) Yes Yes
United Kingdom **Jet Flight Training Ltd (Unknown) Yes Yes
Belgium ***TUIfly Academy Brussels Jetairfly Yes[109][110] No
India/Cyprus Knots Aviation (Unknown) Yes[111][112] Yes [113]
United Kingdom Northern Flight Training UK (Unknown) Yes Yes
India MSD Aviation Pvt. Ltd. (Unknown) Yes Yes
(Unknown) Pegasus Airlines Yes [114] Yes [114]
Cyprus Pilot Management Services [17][19] Small Planet Airlines [17] No Yes [9]
Germany Planet Air Germany (Unknown) No Yes[115]
New Zealand Rishworth Wings Air, Vietnam Airlines[116] No Yes [117]
Dubai **Skies Aviation (Unknown) Yes Yes
Germany Sky4u / Intex-Aero (Unknown) Yes Yes
Netherlands *Stella Aviation International (SAI) (Unknown) Yes [118] No
(Unknown) Tarom No No
Italy TRTOagency (Unknown) Yes [119] No
Tunisia Type & Train Nouvelair,[21] Tunisair[21] Yes (broker only [21]) Yes [21]
Morocco Type Line Training (Unknown) Yes Yes
Lithuania **UAB Sabenavita (Unknown) Yes Yes
Vietnam ATRANS AVIATION Vietjet Air No Yes[120]
(Unknown) Wingjet Aviation Yes[121][122] Yes [121][122][123]
United States World Airline Services Air Asia, Hainan Airlines, Air Gabon, Air Madagascar, Asiana Airlines, China Southern Airlines, Hong Kong Airlines, Royal Air Maroc, TAAG No No

(1) "Note that [ATCT] work[s] very closely with Brookfield Aviations, the world leading pilot Brookers [sic] who will place you in an airline".[14]

(2) This is "false accusations"_A spokesman for the Irish budget airline[124]

(3) "Pay-to-fly at Germania? That is nonsense"_Karsten Balke, Chief Executive Officer of Germania[125]

References

  1. 1 2 3 BOCQUET, Éric (April 10, 2014). "RAPPORT D´INFORMATION FAIT au nom de la commission des affaires européennes sur le dumping social dans les transports européens" (PDF) (in French). Sénat (french Senate). p. 41.
  2. ↑ Levin, Alan (May 21, 2009). "Airline that trained Buffalo crash pilot fined $1.3M". USA TODAY.
  3. ↑ Community Manager for Pilotman.net, Kevin. "What You Don’t Know About Line Training".
  4. ↑ Marques, Charles. "Cockpit Crews PAY TO FLY". Aviation Business Magazine (January 2014).
  5. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Jérôme Jadot (June 17, 2014). "Quand le copilote aussi paie sa place dans l’avion... (When the copilot also pays for his seat in the plane)". France Info (radio) (in French).
  6. 1 2 3 4 CHAUVAC, Pierre-Gabriel (2012). "AGREEMENT FOR LINE TRAINING PROGRAM WITH Royal Air Maroc Express" (PDF). www.etops.net/. ETOPS flight Asia Limited. p. 8.
  7. 1 2 3 Poussery, Lionel (September 4, 2014). "Profession pilote : la fin du rêve? (Pilot profession : the end of the dream?)". France 2 (national TV) (in French).
  8. 1 2 Nègre, Laurent; Engel, Raphaël (August 28, 2014). "Qui est le pilote dans l'avion ? (Who is the pilot in the airliner)". RTS - Radio Television Suisse (in French) (Temps Présent).
  9. 1 2 3 Vytautas Kaikaris. "Annex no.1, TO THE EMPLOYMENT AGREEMENT no.** dated **/**/2012" (PDF). www.smallplanet.aero/ (in Polish and English). Warsaw: Small Planet Airlines. p. 1. Agreement is concluded for a fixed term till Employee reaches 500 block hours on Airbus A320 type as First Officer
  10. 1 2 3 4 5 Stephane Hoinville. "Eagle Jet International AGREEMENT". www.eaglejet.net/. Eagle Jet. Student will fly with Eagle's partner airline Lion Air from Indonesia here after knows as (Airline) [...] Five hundred (500) B737 NG block hours
  11. ↑ "Occupational Training Agreement Cockpit4u Aviation Service GmbH". www.cockpit4u.com/. Cockpit4u Aviation Service GmbH. December 7, 2012. p. 1.
  12. 1 2 3 "march 2012 nouvelair & ATCT contract" (PDF). www.nouvelair.com/. Nouvel Air Tunisia.
  13. 1 2 3 "fev 2012 nouvelair contract" (PDF). www.nouvelair.com/. Nouvel Air Tunisia.
  14. 1 2 3 4 "march 2012 tunisair contract" (PDF). www.tunisair.com/. Tunisair.
  15. ↑ Vytautas Kaikaris. "Annex no.2, TO THE EMPOYMENT AGREEMENT no.** dated **/**/2012" (PDF). www.smallplanet.aero/ (in Polish and English). Warsaw: Small Planet Airlines. The Employer shall undertake the obligation to pay the Employee 1500 PLN monthly salary
  16. ↑ "LOAN AGREEMENT No.****-**" (PDF). www.pilotmanagement.com.cy/. Pilot Management Services (Cyprus) LTD. p. 4. 3.1.1. Total 36 000EUR for line training and up to 500 block hours of flying.
  17. 1 2 3 Viktorija Dunciene. "SERVICE CONTRACT **/**/2013 No.2013****" (PDF). www.pilotmanagement.com.cy/. Pilot Management Services (Cyprus) LTD. p. 8. I. The Third opertor: Small Planet airlines
  18. 1 2 3 Mathias Vedeler; Paal Wergeland (March 11, 2015). "Norwegian kjøpte seg ut av pilotkrisen med omstridt selskap fra Litauen (Norwegian uses controversial airline from Lithuania to solve their pilot crisis)". NRK (in Norwegian).
  19. 1 2 Viktorija Dunciene. "Loan Schedule - ANNEX No. 1 to the SERVICE AGREEMENT No.*******" (PDF). www.pilotmanagement.com.cy/. Pilot Management Services.
  20. ↑ "january 2015 First Officer Eagle Jet offer on Convair 580" (PDF). www.eaglejet.net/. Eagle Jet International.
  21. 1 2 3 4 5 Brian Davies (February 16, 2012). "Type & Train Nouvelair --Tunisair, letter to candidate" (PDF). typeandtrain.com/. Type & Train. We are able to offer type rating courses on most commercial aircraft ( Boeing 737, Airbus 320 etc), followed by a placement with one of our sponsor airlines who will provide line training and up to 500 hours experience on-type, from which point a pilot’s experience becomes universally marketable
  22. 1 2 Le Diouris, Pauline (September 19, 2013). "Pour les jeunes pilotes de ligne, le ciel doit attendre (For young airline pilots, the sky must wait)". Slate (in French).
  23. 1 2 3 Bachman, Justin (February 11, 2014). "Yes, There’s a Pilot Shortage: Salaries Start at $21,000". Bloomberg Businessweek. In 2010, Congress mandated that airlines’ first officers would need [...] at least 1,500 flight hours as opposed to the 250 hours and commercial pilot certificate previously required. The new rules, which took effect in August, came in response to the 2009 crash of a Continental Express regional flight // ALPA President Lee Moak said [...] that aimed to refute the “myth” of such a shortage
  24. ↑ ALPA Staff (April 2014). "A Pilot Shortage? Nope. It’s All About the Money" (PDF). Air Line Pilot.
  25. 1 2 3 "BAA - Type Rating & Line Training online advertisement" (PDF). www.balticaa.com/for-pilots/type-rating/. Baltic Aviation Academy.
  26. 1 2 3 4 Egle Vaitkeviciute. "Training Service Contract, GENERAL TERMS AND CONDITIONS" (PDF). www.cockpitseeker.com/wp-content/uploads/goodies/p2f/. Baltic Aviation Academy. pp. 5–6.
  27. 1 2 "Type Rating Course: Boeing 737". www.airbaltictraining.com/en/. Air Baltic Training. For the graduates of our Boeing 737 Type Rating course we offer NG Difference training for a very special price!
  28. 1 2 3 "Program Overview and Price List ATR 42/72 Type Rating and Line Flying Building Experience (LEP)" (PDF). www.farnair.com/Html/Company/FARNAIRTraining.php. FARNAIR Training GmbH.
  29. ↑ Dainuolė Bartasūnienė (February 10, 2012). "COOPERATION OFFER for Base and Line Training" (PDF). www.balticaa.com/. Baltic Aviation Academy. p. 4. We are offering: Great chance to supplement Your Company’s budget with additional income, using our human resources: selected, recommended, checked students
  30. ↑ AAIB (18 November 2008). "SERIOUS INCIDENT A320, G-DHJZ, 5 July 2007" (PDF). gov.uk/aaib-reports/airbus-a320-g-dhjz-5-july-2007. Kos Airport, Greece: Air Accidents Investigation Branch. p. 6. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2 March 2016. Retrieved 2 March 2016. Under the scheme, a cadet would pay for a ‘Jet Bridge’ course, type rating and 150 hours of line flying with the airline. Thereafter, there would be a possibility of employment should the airline concerned have any vacancies. The commercial training organisation paid the airline for its involvement in the training, enabling the airline to generate revenue through their training department,
  31. ↑ "Press Release – FAA Boosts Aviation Safety with New Pilot Qualification Standards". www.faa.gov/. Federal Aviation Administration. July 10, 2013.
  32. ↑ "Airline Safety and FAA Extension Act of 2010 publisher=U.S. Government" (PDF). Retrieved December 29, 2014.
  33. ↑ "AIRLINE SAFETY AND FEDERAL AVIATION ADMINISTRATION EXTENSION ACT OF 2010" (PDF). www.gpo.gov/. [US] Government printing Office. Aug 1, 2010. p. 21. requirements for the issuance of an airline transport pilot certificate
  34. ↑ "8900.225 - Pilot Certification and Qualification Requirements for Air Carrier Operations Document Information". www.faa.gov/. FAA. Retrieved 19 June 2015.
  35. ↑ "U.S. DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION FEDERAL AVIATION ADMINISTRATION N 8900.225 National Policy" (PDF). www.faa.gov/. FAA. Retrieved 19 June 2015.
  36. ↑ "8900.225 - Pilot Certification and Qualification Requirements for Air Carrier Operations". www.faa.gov/. Federal Aviation Administration. July 10, 2013.
  37. ↑ "Table 5. Receive an ATP Certificate With Restricted Privileges (Restricted to Serving as SIC in Part 121 Operations—Multiengine Class Rating Only)" (Table 5. right column. (5)). www.faa.gov/. Federal Aviation Administration. July 10, 2013. p. 4.
  38. 1 2 3 "Fair Competition in aviation is a must!". www.eurocockpit.be/. European Cockpit Association. [...] making use of fake work bases in non-European countries, and ‘pay-to-fly’ (P2F) programs (whereby newly graduated pilots have to pay their airline for gaining flying experience on an aircraft)
  39. ↑ eschel. "Dominique Fouda Professional Profile" (PDF). easa.europa.eu/. EASA. Archived from the original (PDF) on May 22, 2015. Retrieved 22 May 2015. Head of the Communication department, European Aviation Safety Agency
  40. ↑ "Marcel Zuckschwerdt nouveau sous-directeur à l'OFAC". www.bazl.admin.ch/index.html?lang=en (in French). OFAC/FOCA. November 30, 2000.
  41. ↑ "Contrat de travail". contrat-de-travail.comprendrechoisir.com/ (in French). ComprendreChoisir.
  42. ↑ "STATISTIQUES DES ELEVES PILOTES DE LIGNE PROMOTIONS 2006 - 2011" (PDF). www.agepac.org/ (in French). AGEPAC (Association Générale des Elèves Pilotes de l’Aviation Civile).
  43. ↑ "STATISTIQUES DES ELEVES PILOTES DE LIGNE PROMOTIONS 2006 - 2011" (PDF). www.agepac.org/ (in French). AGEPAC (Association Générale des Elèves Pilotes de l’Aviation Civile). p. 6.
  44. 1 2 "STATISTIQUES DES ELEVES PILOTES DE LIGNE PROMOTIONS 2006 - 2011" (PDF). www.agepac.org/ (in French). AGEPAC (Association Générale des Elèves Pilotes de l’Aviation Civile). p. 7.
  45. ↑ "STATISTIQUES DES ELEVES PILOTES DE LIGNE PROMOTIONS 2006 - 2011" (PDF). www.agepac.org/ (in French). AGEPAC (Association Générale des Elèves Pilotes de l’Aviation Civile). p. 8.
  46. 1 2 "STATISTIQUES DES ELEVES PILOTES DE LIGNE PROMOTIONS 2006 - 2011" (PDF). www.agepac.org/ (in French). AGEPAC (Association Générale des Elèves Pilotes de l’Aviation Civile). p. 11.
  47. ↑ "Norwegian Pilots End Strike After Deal Reached With Airline". ABC News Internet Ventures. March 10, 2015.
  48. ↑ "Small Planet Airline p2f setup with Pilot Management Services (Cyprus)". www.smallplanet.aero/. Small Planet Airlines.
  49. 1 2 Wilma J. Mansveld (June 2, 2015). "Beantwoording Kamervragen van het lid Van Helvert (CDA) inzake zzp piloten (Answers to Parliamentary questions about selfemployed pilots, asked by Member of Parliament Mr Van Helvert (CDA))". www.rijksoverheid.nl/ (in Dutch). Rijksoverheid. Retrieved 23 July 2015.
  50. ↑ "Werkloosheid in de luchtvaart (Unemployment in aviation)". www.wordpiloot.nl/ (in Dutch). WordPiloot.
  51. ↑ Wilma J. Mansveld (June 22, 2015). "Beantwoording Kamervragen van het lid Van Helvert (CDA) inzake ZZP-piloten (Answers to Parliamentary questions about selfemployed pilots, asked by Member of Parliament Mr Van Helvert (CDA))". www.rijksoverheid.nl/ (in Dutch). Rijksoverheid. Retrieved 23 July 2015.
  52. ↑ Driessen, Camil (February 26, 2015). "Komt Turkish Airlines hier 500 werkloze piloten uit de brand helpen? (Is Turkish Airlines coming to the rescue of 500 unemployed pilots?)". NRCQ (in Dutch).
  53. ↑ "Werkloosheid in de luchtvaart (Unemployment in aviation)". www.wordpiloot.nl/ (in Dutch). Word Piloot.
  54. ↑ Jutta Steinruck (July 14, 2015). "EU-Kommission macht wenig bis gar nichts gegen ausbeuterische Praktiken von Billig-Airlines (European Commission makes little to nothing against exploitative practices of budget airlines)". jutta-steinruck.de/ (in German). Jutta Steinruck. Retrieved 23 July 2015. Angesichts dieser krassen Fehlentwicklungen in der Luftfahrtbranche würde ich mir ein entschlossenes Handeln der EU-Kommission wünschen. Der Ausbeutung von jungen PilotInnen muss jetzt ein Ende gesetzt werden.
  55. 1 2 3 4 Steinruck, Jutta; Preuß, Gabriele; Regner, Evelyn; Ertug, Ismail (May 5, 2015). "Parliamentary questions". www.europarl.europa.eu/portal/en. European Parliament. Retrieved 23 July 2015. Subject: Exploitative employment models at low-cost airlines (‘Pay to Fly’)
  56. 1 2 3 4 Bulc, Violeta (July 10, 2015). "Parliamentary questions". www.europarl.europa.eu. European Parliament. Retrieved 23 July 2015. Answer given by Ms Bulc on behalf of the Commission
  57. ↑ "Committee on Employment and Social Affairs - meeting 07/05/2015 15.00-18.30 (video)". www.europarl.europa.eu. European Parliament. May 7, 2015. Retrieved 23 July 2015.
  58. ↑ Deckstein Dinah (March 30, 2013). "Prekariat am Himmel (Precarity in the sky)". Der Spiegel (in German) 14: 61. Nach Berechnungen seiner Gewerkschaft gibt es in Deutschland bereits jetzt über 1500 arbeitslose Piloten, Tendenz: steigend.
  59. ↑ "Conference Atypical forms of aircrew employment in the European aviation industry". www.eurocockpit.be. European Cockpit Association. Retrieved 6 November 2015.
  60. ↑ "Nextgen pilot". twitter.com/BALPApilots. BALPA. February 13, 2015. Retrieved 6 November 2015. Nextgen pilot says pay to fly is wrong but policy makers turning their backs. That's the sort of pilot the profession needs #atypicalEMPL
  61. ↑ "nextGen". www.balpa.org. BALPA - British Airline Pilots Association. February 27, 2015. Retrieved 6 November 2015. NextGen is a programme which seeks to protect the Profession by reaching down to new entrants.
  62. ↑ "How To Become A Pilot". www.balpa.org. BALPA - British Airline Pilots Association. Retrieved 7 November 2015. Probably the most difficult part of a pilots’ career is the beginning. Getting that first job can be like finding a needle in a haystack. Most airlines only recruit experienced pilots who have flown jet aircraft before, and are not willing to employ cadets fresh from flight training. This gap is bridged either by paying for extra training, by networking and getting a job flying smaller aircraft or simply by luck.
  63. ↑ "BALPA Staff Listing". www.balpa.org. BALPA - British Airline Pilots Association. Retrieved 8 November 2015. Membership & Careers Services - Wendy Pursey Head of Membership and Career Services WendyPursey@balpa.org 0208 476 4088
  64. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Aida Edemariam (October 24, 2015). "Sky high: who'd be an airline pilot today?". www.theguardian.com. The Guardian. Retrieved 8 November 2015. Wendy Pursey, head of membership and career services at Balpa, wrote a pamphlet, Becoming A Pilot: The Inside Track
  65. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Wendy Pursey (April 23, 2015). "BECOMING A PILOT THE INSIDE TRACK". www.balpa.org. BALPA - British Airline Pilots Association. pp. 16, 23. Retrieved 8 November 2015.
  66. ↑ Deckstein Dinah (March 30, 2013). "Prekariat am Himmel (Precarity in the sky)". Der Spiegel (in German) 14: 61. Es eröffne Berufseinsteigern "Chancen, die sich im europäischen Markt derzeit nicht bieten". Derartige Trainingsprogramme seien im Ausland schon seit Jahren üblich.
  67. ↑ "Line Training: to pay or not to pay?". www.balticaa.com/. Baltic Aviation Academy. February 25, 2015.
  68. 1 2 AviationCV.com (July 14, 2015). "Line training for pilot: everything you need to know" (PDF). www.aviationcv.com/. AviationCV. Archived from the original on July 14, 2015. Retrieved 23 July 2015.
  69. ↑ Groenendijk-Feenstra, Nienke (October 18, 2013). "Pilots are slowly strangled by their debt". AirObserver.
  70. ↑ "Even the pilots pay on some low-cost flights". www.independent.co.uk. The Independent. December 29, 2013.
  71. ↑ "Aerojob Worldwide" (PDF). www.aerojob.cz/ (in Czech). Aerojob. Archived from the original on April 17, 2015. Retrieved 19 June 2015. Type rating B737 and A 320 Sale 12900 EUR Total Price for 68 hours
  72. ↑ "Travel Service pilot jobs Wiki" (PDF). www.pilotjobsnetwork.com/. Pilot Jobs Network. Archived from the original on April 17, 2015. Recruitment Process for Travel Service Pilot Jobs FO+Cadet 3-day assessment organised by AeroJob in Prague
  73. ↑ "Poslání společnosti AeroJOB a program DOPRAVNÍ PILOT (Company Mission AeroJOB and transport pilot program)" (PDF). www.aerojob.cz/ (in Czech). AeroJob. Archived from the original on April 17, 2015. Type rating B737 and A 320 Sale 12900 EUR Total Price for 68 hours
  74. 1 2 "ESCUELA Con nuestra experiencia mejorarás volando (With our experience, get better at flying)" (PDF). www.aeronova.com/ (in Spanish). Aeronova. Archived from the original on April 17, 2015. Programa Fairchild SA227: Habilitación de tipo + Base training + Line training. [...] Detalle del programa: Habilitación de tipo. 6 tomas y despegues. 120 h. como copiloto en el modelo de avión.
  75. 1 2 "FAIRCHILD SA227 PROGRAM PRESENTATION" (PDF). www.aeronova.com/. Aeronova. p. 4. Archived from the original (PDF) on April 17, 2015. The price of the initial program is of 16500 € And the price for the follow-up is of 8000 € Please note that the 120 h per 2 month period (which could be in several separate not continuing contracts) is a guaranteed number of hours.
  76. ↑ "About us". www.airbaltictraining.com. Air Baltic. Retrieved 19 June 2015.
  77. 1 2 "Dash 8 Q400 Type Rating + Line Training". www.airbaltictraining.com/en/training-services/flight-crew-training/. Air Baltic Training.
  78. ↑ "AFA Atlantic Flight Academy". www.afa.aero/. Atlantic Flight Academy. Retrieved 19 June 2015.
  79. ↑ "A320 Family Type Rating Training". www.afa.aero/. AFA - Atlantic Flight Academy.
  80. 1 2 "Atlasjet pilot jobs Wiki". www.pilotjobsnetwork.com/. December 15, 2014. Atlasjet Pilot Jobs Situation: Current Situation: type rating + line training 100 hours for local via AFA
  81. ↑ "ATC AircrewTraining Center". www.aircrewcenter.nl. Aircrew Center. Retrieved 19 June 2015.
  82. 1 2 3 4 "TYPE RATING PROGRAM". www.aircrewcenter.nl. The Aircrew Training Center is preferred supplier for Enter Air and FARNAIR.
  83. 1 2 "Flight Training". www.enterair.pl/. Enter Air. Practical training [...] is divided into two phases: the first phase are school flights (on an "empty" plane); the second phase are trainee airline flights (scheduled flights).
  84. ↑ "ATCT Aviation Training Center of Tunisia". www.atct.com.tn. ATCT. Retrieved 19 June 2015.
  85. 1 2 3 "G Air ATPL Tunisair" (PDF). www.gairg.com/en/. G Air Training Center. Archived from the original on April 16, 2015. [...] A320 Type Rating [...] 300 hours of Line Training (A320) [...] Type Rating and Line Training with Tunisair and ATCT [...] Price: €118,000
  86. ↑ Tarek Benaissi. "Our Training Services". www.atct.com.tn/index.php. Aviation Training Center of Tunisia. Available courses: Type Rating
  87. ↑ Tarek Benaissi; Hela Chiha. "ATCT - A320 Family JAA Type Rating Special Promotion" (PDF). www.atct.com.tn/index.php. ATCT.
  88. ↑ Tarek Benaissi (September 1, 2012). "A320 JAA Type Rating + Base training + Line training available in ATCT Tunisia". www.atct.com.tn/index.php. Tarek Benaissi, Quality Manager at ATCT. A320 JAA Type Rating + Base training + Line training available in ATCT Tunisia, for more information please contact me : tarek.benaissiATatct.com.tn
  89. ↑ "Atrans Aviation". www.atransaviation.com. Atrans Aviation. Retrieved 19 June 2015. A-320 Type Rating + Line Training & Guaranteed 2+ years First Officer Job
  90. ↑ "Vietnam - Airbus 320 - 500 Hours Line Training plus 1 year job contract" (PDF). www.atransaviation.com/. Atrans Aviation.
  91. ↑ "Cambodia - Airbus 320 - 500 Hours Line Training plus 1 year job contract" (PDF). www.atransaviation.com/. Atrans Aviation.
  92. ↑ Gabrielius BileviĊius. "EDUCATIONAL PROGRAM AviationCV" (PDF). www.aviationcv.com/. Aviation CV. pp. 7–8, 10.
  93. 1 2 3 4 "Baltic Aviation Academy News Overview". www.balticaa.com/. Baltic Aviation Academy. February 28, 2012. Baltic Aviation Academy has signed a new partnership contract with the Turkish airlines Atlas Jet. The agreement consists of line training package which enable pilots to gather 300-500 flight hours. Type rating contract was signed with Estonian Air.
  94. ↑ "B737NG type-qualification program". pilot.cae.com/. Ryanair & CAE. Type Rating Course: € 28,500 excluding VAT (for courses starting before 31 March 2015) - € 29,500 excluding VAT (for courses starting on/after 01 April 2015)
  95. 1 2 "CAE Oxford Aviation Academy easyJet APP First Officer Plus Programme Now Open" (PDF). www.caeoaa.com. CAE Oxford. April 15, 2015. Must self-fund Type, Base and Line Training including VAT at a cost of £38,400
  96. ↑ David George (2013). "Terms and Conditions of Contract for Services" (PDF). brookfieldav.com/. Brookfield Aviation International Ltd. pp. 1, 5. The "Hirer" means Ryanair Plc [...] The company Representative will be responsible for the cost of line training flights (currently €150 per scheduled block hour (pshb)) for the company representative
  97. 1 2 3 Jost Haugust (June 25, 2012). "Germania - company reference for Cockpit4U" (PDF). www.flygermania.de/en/. Germania. I personnaly have worked with Cockpit4u for many years both in my role as Post Holder Training and Type Rating Examiner [...] I highly recommend them [Cockpit4U] to any client or other airline as 100% reliable Type Rating Training Organization
  98. ↑ "Type Rating". www.cockpit4u.com/en/start/. Cockpit4u. Cockpit4u is the right partner for the type rating training you need.
  99. ↑ Deckstein Dinah (March 30, 2013). "Prekariat am Himmel (Precarity in the sky)". Der Spiegel (in German) 14: 61. In dem Werbezettel offeriert die Berliner Firma Cockpit4u fertig ausgebildeten Flugzeugführern, die noch keine Praxiserfahrung haben, einen befristeten Vertrag als Erster Offizier bei einer "namhaften Airline". Gemeint ist die drittgrößte deutsche Linienfluglinie, Germania, auch wenn die in dem Werbeprospekt nicht konkret genannt wird.
  100. ↑ Joseph Bohutnski (February 2, 2015). "Mladi piloti plaćaju Croatia Airlinesu 30.000 eura da nauče voziti avion (Young pilots pay Croatia Airlines 30,000 euros to learn to fly a plane)". www.vecernji.hr/ (in Croatian). Vecernji list. (Applicants that must have 500 hours of flight time hourly pay 10 euros and are not only free labor but also pay to work)
  101. 1 2 "ADDENDUM - Eagle Jet/Lion Air 737 NG agreement extract". lionair.co.id/. Lion Air.
  102. ↑ "Elite Sky Aviation". eliteskyaviation.com. Elite Sky Aviation. Retrieved 2 March 2016.
  103. ↑ Posada Elechiguerra, Iñigo González. "BOEING 737-300 EFIS FIRST OFFICER" (PDF). eliteskyaviation.com. Madrid (Spain): General Manager Iñigo González‐Posada Elechiguerra. pp. 2–3. Retrieved 2 March 2016. This program is based in Eastern Europe, and it has a duration of 500 hours [...] PRICE: 39.900,00 € (VAT included) [...] 1.000,00 € before starting Airline Assessment phase.
  104. ↑ "ETOPS Type Rating on ATR 42/72-500". www.etops.net/. ETOPS flight.
  105. ↑ "ETOPS Type Rating on Airbus 320". www.etops.net/. ETOPS Flight.
  106. ↑ "ETOPS Type Rating on Boeing 737NG". www.etops.net/. ETOPS Flight.
  107. 1 2 Gianfranco Giacchetti Director of Flight Operations Volotea. "Terms" (PDF). www.ftejerez.com/. Volotea via FTE Jerez. Archived from the original on May 7, 2015. Retrieved 20 May 2015. The price for The ATPL course, including the Volotea Boeing 717 Type Rating, is 140,500€, including VAT. This price is inclusive of the following: [...] The full Boeing 717 type rating course [...] a minimum of 125 hours line training
  108. ↑ "Boeing 737 (300/500/700) line training and time building program (Europe)". www.avianation.com. Galain Aviation. March 12, 2009. line training and time building program (Europe)
  109. ↑ TUIfly Academy Brussels. "TUIfly Academy Brussels, Type Rating Training Organization (TRTO)" (PDF). www.jetairfly.com/. Jetairfly. p. 3. Archived from the original (PDF) on May 27, 2015. Retrieved 27 May 2015. [...] advanced pilot training [...] is provided to third party customers, amongst which some other airlines of the TUI-group. This includes Type rating Courses
  110. ↑ ANDRIES WHISTLE (May 25, 2015). "Jonge copiloot: "Ik zal niet toegeven dat ik te moe ben" (Young co-pilot: "I will not admit that I'm too tired")" (PDF). www.demorgen.be/ (in Dutch). DeMorgen. Archived from the original on May 27, 2015. Retrieved 27 May 2015. Een net afgestudeerde piloot kreeg van de Antwerpse luchtvaartschool BAFA een voorstelomzo’n training te volgen voor Jetairfly. Kostprijs: 25 à 30 000 euro, zonder garantie op werk bij de Belgische carrier. Wie aanvaard wordt, krijgt alleen een tijdelijk contract voor een paar maanden. ()
  111. ↑ "A320 JAA/DGCA/GACA/JCARC/DCAA Type Rating". knotsaviation.com/. Knots Aviation. Knots Aviation provides the best type rating training at unbeatable price [...] Price Includes A320 Type Rating
  112. ↑ "B737 NG JAA/DGCA/GACA/JCARC/DCAA Type Rating". knotsaviation.com/. Knots Aviation. Knots Aviation provides the best type rating training at unbeatable price [...] Price Includes B737 Type Rating
  113. ↑ "Knots Aviation - Line Training". knotsaviation.com/. Knots Aviation. Knots Aviation offers Line Training on Airbus A320 Boeing CL/NG to the pilots in East Europe through its collaborative partnerships with reputed airlines.
  114. 1 2 "Pegasus Airlines pilot jobs Wiki". www.pilotjobsnetwork.com/. October 9, 2009. TR costs 18 000 euro. Plus 6000 euro for 100hrs line training 737
  115. ↑ "Initial Line Training A320" (PDF). www.initiallinetraining.com/. Planet Air. May 18, 2015. Archived from the original on May 18, 2015. The contract will allow you to build a solid experience of 500 hours on type with a subsequent employment contract. This is a unique opportunity for candidates who are willing to invest into their future career. The costs of 50.000$US reflect the effort and professionalism of Planetair.
  116. ↑ "Vietnam Airlines Pilot Jobs". www.rishworthaviation.com/home.aspx. Rishworth Aviation. Rishworth Aviation is proud to be the preferred supplier of Vietnam Airlines (VNA) and has a strong an cooperative 14+ year relationship with the airline
  117. ↑ Capt. To Ngoc Giang (January 26, 2015). "Line training project". www.vietnamairlines.com/vi/Welcome. Vietnam Airlines - flight crew division 919.
  118. ↑ "SAI - Training courses". SAI aims to provide you with high quality training solutions such as Multi Pilot License (MPL) [...] and Type Rating courses.
  119. ↑ "Crew Training". www.trtoagency.it/. TRTOagency. A320, A330, Beechcraft Type ratings
  120. ↑ "Vietjet Air" (PDF). www.pilotcareercenter.com/. Pilot Career Center. Archived from the original on April 29, 2015. Current Vietjet policy is for potential flight crew, including those eligible for upgrade to Captain, to pay cash up front for "training". This amount ranges from $25,000 USD up to and over $65,000.
  121. 1 2 latestpilotjobs; Wingjet Aviation. "Type Rating+ 500 hours Line Training on BNA- Islander + LET-410" (PDF). www.latestpilotjobs.com/index.php. LatestPilotJobs.com. Archived from the original on September 21, 2015. Retrieved 21 September 2015. What we provided: 1) Type Rating on Both Aircraft(BNA-Islander + LET-410) 2) Line training of 500 hrs (combined both aircraft) [...] 8) Cost of this program is 27,500 USD.
  122. 1 2 Wingjet Aviation. "Training". wingjetaviation.com/index.php. Wingjet Aviation. Retrieved 21 September 2015. 1) A-320 300 hours line training : 55000 Euro 2) A-320 500 hours line training : 66000 Euro [...] 1) B-737NG type rating+ 300 hrs line training program : 48,380 USD
  123. ↑ latestpilotjobs; Wingjet Aviation. "Line Training program on B-737NG" (PDF). www.latestpilotjobs.com/index.php. LatestPilotJobs.com. Archived from the original on September 16, 2015. Retrieved 16 September 2015. 500 hrs Line training program on B-737NG [...] Total cost for this program is 65,000 EURO
  124. ↑ "Ryanair ontkent beschuldigingen uitbuiting piloten (Ryanair denies allegations exploitation pilots)". www.nu.nl/ (in Dutch). NU.nl. December 3, 2013. Retrieved 26 May 2015. Ryanair spreekt de aantijgingen tegen dat jonge piloten geld betalen om bij de luchtvaartmaatschappij te mogen vliegen en zo werkervaring op te doen. Volgens een woordvoerder van de Ierse prijsvechter gaat het om valse beschuldigingen en krijgen alle piloten salaris uitbetaald. [...] Zij zouden 30.00 tot 50.000 euro moeten betalen om vier tot zes maanden te mogen vliegen.
  125. ↑ airliner.de (March 6, 2015). ""Pay to fly" bei der Germania? "Das ist Quatsch"". www.airliners.de/ (in German). airliners.de. "Pay to fly" bei der Germania? Das ist Quatsch
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