Peat Bog Soldiers

Memorial at the place of the entry to the former concentration camp "Börgermoor", where the song originated. The stone shows the first verse in German.

"Peat Bog Soldiers" (German: Die Moorsoldaten) is one of Europe's best-known protest songs. It exists in countless European languages and became a Republican anthem during the Spanish Civil War. It was a symbol of resistance during the Second World War and is popular with the Peace movement today. What makes it perhaps so poignant is the knowledge that it was written, composed and first performed in a Nazi concentration camp by the prisoners themselves.

Background

This song was written by prisoners^[1] in Nazi moorland labour camps in Lower Saxony, Germany. The Emslandlager^[2] ("Emsland camps") – as they were known – were for political opponents of the Third Reich, located outside of Börgermoor, now part of the commune Surwold, not far from Papenburg. A memorial of these camps, the Dokumentations- und Informationszentrum (DIZ) Emslandlager, is located at Papenburg.

In 1933, one camp, Börgermoor, held about 1,000 Socialist and Communist internees. They were banned from singing existing political songs so they wrote and composed their own. The words were written by Johann Esser (a miner) and Wolfgang Langhoff (an actor); the music was composed by Rudi Goguel and was later adapted by Hanns Eisler and Ernst Busch.^[3]

It was first performed at a Zircus Konzentrazani ("concentration camp circus") on 28 August 1933 at Börgermoor camp. Here is Rudi Goguel's description of it:^[4]

“

The sixteen singers, mostly members of the Solinger workers choir, marched in holding spades over the shoulders of their green police uniforms (our prison uniforms at the time). I led the march, in blue overalls, with the handle of a broken spade for a conductor's baton. We sang and by the end of the second verse nearly all of the thousands of prisoners present gave voice to the chorus. With each verse, the chorus became more powerful and, by the end, the SS – who had turned up with their officers – were also singing, apparently because they too thought themselves "peat bog soldiers".

”

The song has a slow simple melody, reflecting a soldier's march, and is deliberately repetitive, echoing and telling of the daily grind of hard labour in harsh conditions. It was popular with German refugees in London in the Thirties and was used as a marching song by the German volunteers of the International Brigades during the Spanish Civil War. It was soon picked up by other nationalities and it appears in almost all the collected anthologies of Spanish Civil War songs.

The French Foreign Legion use the French version of the song, "Le Chant Des Marais", as one of its marching songs, the sombre tone and timing matching the 88 paces per minute distinctive of the Legion.

The "short" (three-verse) lyrics

Langhoff and Esser's original song^[5] runs to six verses, plus refrains (see below). For performance – and, therefore, for most translation – shorter lyrics are used. These omit verses two, three and four of the original.

Die Moorsoldaten Wohin auch das Auge blicket. Moor und Heide nur ringsum. Vogelsang uns nicht erquicket. Eichen stehen kahl und krumm. Wir sind die Moorsoldaten und ziehen mit dem Spaten ins Moor. Wir sind die Moorsoldaten und ziehen mit dem Spaten ins Moor. Auf und nieder geh´n die Posten, keiner, keiner kann hindurch. Flucht wird nur das Leben kosten, vierfach ist umzäunt die Burg. Wir sind die Moorsoldaten und ziehen mit dem Spaten ins Moor. Wir sind die Moorsoldaten und ziehen mit dem Spaten ins Moor. Doch für uns gibt es kein Klagen, ewig kann nicht Winter sein, einmal werden froh wir sagen: Heimat du bist wieder mein. Dann zieh´n die Moorsoldaten nicht mehr mit dem Spaten ins Moor. Dann zieh´n die Moorsoldaten nicht mehr mit dem Spaten ins Moor.

Peat Bog Soldiers Far and wide as the eye can wander, Heath and bog are everywhere. Not a bird sings out to cheer us. Oaks are standing gaunt and bare. We are the peat bog soldiers, Marching with our spades to the moor. We are the peat bog soldiers, Marching with our spades to the moor. Up and down the guards are marching, No one, no one can get through. Flight would mean a sure death facing, Guns and barbed wire block our view. We are the peat bog soldiers, Marching with our spades to the moor. We are the peat bog soldiers, Marching with our spades to the moor. But for us there is no complaining, Winter will in time be past. One day we shall rise rejoicing. Homeland, dear, you're mine at last. No more the peat bog soldiers Will march with our spades to the moor. No more the peat bog soldiers Will march with our spades to the moor.

The full version

For completeness, here is the full six-verse German version, together with a literal English translation.

Die Moorsoldaten	Literal translation
Wohin auch das Auge blicket. Moor und Heide nur ringsum. Vogelsang uns nicht erquicket. Eichen stehen kahl und krumm. Wir sind die Moorsoldaten und ziehen mit dem Spaten ins Moor. Wir sind die Moorsoldaten und ziehen mit dem Spaten ins Moor.	Wherever the eye watches Bog and heath all around No chirping of birds entertains us Oaks are standing bare and crooked We are the bog soldiers And we are marching with our spade; into the bog We are Bog soldiers And we are marching with our spade; into the bog
Hier in dieser öden Heide ist das Lager aufgebaut, wo wir fern von jeder Freude hinter Stacheldraht verstaut. Wir sind die Moorsoldaten etc	Here inside this barren marshland the camp is built up, Where we are, far from any joy, stowed away behind barbed wire. We are the bog soldiers etc
Morgens ziehen die Kolonnen in das Moor zur Arbeit hin. Graben bei dem Brand der Sonne, doch zur Heimat steht der Sinn. Wir sind die Moorsoldaten etc	In the morning, all of us march towards our work. The we dig under the searing sun, But our mind yearns toward our home. We are the bog soldiers etc
Heimwärts, heimwärts jeder sehnet, zu den Eltern, Weib und Kind. Manche Brust ein Seufzer dehnet, weil wir hier gefangen sind. Wir sind die Moorsoldaten etc	Homeward, homeward everyone yearns to the parents, wife and children, some chests are widened by a sigh, because we are caught in here. We are the bog soldiers etc
Auf und nieder geh´n die Posten, keiner, keiner kann hindurch. Flucht wird nur das Leben kosten, vierfach ist umzäunt die Burg. Wir sind die Moorsoldaten etc	Up and down the guards are walking Nobody, nobody can get through. Escape would only cost your life Four fences secure the castle. We are the bog soldiers etc
Doch für uns gibt es kein Klagen, ewig kann nicht Winter sein, einmal werden froh wir sagen: Heimat du bist wieder mein. Dann zieh´n die Moorsoldaten nicht mehr mit dem Spaten ins Moor. Dann zieh´n die Moorsoldaten nicht mehr mit dem Spaten ins Moor	But for us there is no complaining, It can't be an endless winter. One day we'll say happily: "Home! You are mine again!". Then will the bog soldiers march no more with the spades to the bog. Then will the bog soldiers march no more with the spades to the bog.

References

Further reading

• Hanns Eisler, Bericht über die Entstehung eines Arbeiterliedes, in Musik und Politik, Schriften 1924–1948 (Ed. Günter Meyer, Munich, 1973, pp. 274–280)
• Wolfgang Langhoff, Die Moorsoldaten. 13 Monate Konzentrationslager (new edition, 1995)
• (French) Le Chant des déportés
• (German) Die Moorsoldaten

Recordings

• (German) Die Moorsoldaten Thirty versions from Emsland Concentration Camp Archive
• (English) broadcast about the Moorsoldaten Lied on Radio Goethe by Arndt Peltner (38'32" mp3, 35MB)
• Pete Seeger – "Songs of The Spanish Civil War: Vol 1" (2006)
• Paul Robeson – "Songs of Free Men" (1942)
• The Dubliners – "Revolution" (1970)
• Laurie Lewis – "Spain in My Heart" (2003)
• Theodore Bikel - "From Bondage to Freedom" (1973)
• Ernst Busch – "Spanien 1936–1939"
• Chad Mitchell Trio – "Violets of Dawn" (1966)
• Jamie O'Reilly & Michael Smith – "Pasiones: Songs of the Spanish Civil War 1936–1939"
• Hein & Oss Kröher
• Perry Friedman
• Pi de la Serra
• Hannes Wader – "Hannes Wader singt Arbeiterlieder"
• Welle: Erdball – "Tanzpalast 2000" (1996)
• Helium Vola – "Für euch, die ihr liebt" (2009)
• Glengarry Bhoys – "Eight" (2010)
• Die Toten Hosen – "Die Geister die wir riefen" (2012)
• Various – Die Moorsoldaten: EP-CD with four songs (2015)^[6]

Footnotes

1. "Holocaust Education" website
2. Jewish Virtual Library
3. Holocaust Education website
4. Original text: Le Chant des déportés (French)
5. Die Moorsoldaten
6. Neue CD aus heimischen Gefilden: Die Moorsoldaten, CelleHeute.de, retrieved 6 December 2015