Pen, India

Pen
city
Pen

Location in Maharashtra, India

Coordinates: 18°45′N 73°05′E / 18.75°N 73.08°E / 18.75; 73.08Coordinates: 18°45′N 73°05′E / 18.75°N 73.08°E / 18.75; 73.08
Country  India
State Maharashtra
District Raigad
Elevation 18 m (59 ft)
Population (2011)
 • Total 37,852
Languages
 • Official Marathi, Agri
Time zone IST (UTC+5:30)
PIN 402107
Telephone code 02143
Vehicle registration MH 06
Website www.echavdi.com

Pen is a town and taluka in Raigad district of Indian state of Maharashtra. It is famous for world class Ganesh idols.[1] It is geographical and cultural center of Raigad district.

History

Name of Pen is derived from the term "पेणे" or "Pene", which means 'A place to rest'. Although no one is certain about the origin of Pen,[2] historians think it probably dates back to the times of Buddha.[3]

Due to its vantage location, Pen developed as a port city (present day Antora port was commonly referred as "Pen Port"), with trade links as far as Egypt.[4] It had a very prosperous marketplace where exchange of goods to and from deccan took place.

The Kolaba District Gazettee gives Pen's history as follows

“ In historical times Pen was under rule of the Silaharas of Shri Sthanak (Thana) from 9th to the 12th Century and subsequently it passed under the control of the Yadavas. When Shayastakhan was sent against Sivaji, a detachment of the Moghal army had been kept at Pen but it was subsequently routed by him. Parvatibai, the wife of Sadasivrav Bhau, the hero of Panipat,. In 1819 the easy communication with Bombay and with the Deccan by the Bor pass made Pen an important centre. Its chief prosperity lay in its salt beds. There was a considerable export of rice to Bombay. A number of carved stones about the town appear to belong to an unusually large temple of about the thirteenth or fourteenth century.[5] ”

During the period of shilahar kings, many temples of goddesses were built, including Jagdumba of Vashi. In the period of Chalukyas, grand temples of Shiva, like Rameshwar(रामेश्वर), Pataneshwar(पाटणेश्वर), Goteshwar(गोटेश्वर) and Vyaghreshwar(व्याघ्रेश्वर)were constructed[6]

In Shivaji era, Shayistekhan's raid on deccan led to major fights in Pen taluka between Moghals and Marathas. Initially moghal army led by Sardar Taherkhan occupied Pen's fort of Mahalmeera and looted surrounding villages, which included desecration of grand temple of Goteshwar.[3] Shivaji's army fought back with vengeance. They defeated Kartalabkhan in nearby Umbarkhind and officer Balakhi, near Ratangad. Stronghold of Mahalmeera was also taken back on 27th Feb 1662 and the following day, after a valiant struggle, Pen's Bastion (presently, the site of Tehsil office) was secured by Shivaji's army. In this conquest, Sardar Vaghoji Tupe fought mesmerizing battle against equally skillful moghal officer but at the crucial moment, Tupe dealt a decisive blow which killed the officer and ensured Maratha victory. Vaghoji was also critically injured and died soon afterwards. Shivaji Maharaj himself visited Pen on two occasions, on 6 August 1668 and 11 May 1674.[7]


Geography

Pen town is located at 18°40'.N, 73°05' E, on the outskirts of Mumbai Metropolitan Region.[8] It gained prominence in ancient times due to vantage location on trade routes to Deccan, proximity to both Mumbai & Pune and its central position in the Raigad District. It lies on the bank of Bhogavati creek about 16 km from its mouth.[5] Pen county has total area of 199.6 sq. miles[9] and area of Pen City is 6.75 sq.miles.[10]

There are total of 171 villages and four administrative divisions in Pen County .[11]

Geographically, Pen County can be divided in two separate areas: Pen East: It is hilly and sparsely populated area. Most of it is covered by jungle, which is very pristine and beautiful.

Pen West: It is mostly flat and densely populated area surrounded by Dharamtar and other small creeks. Much of it is "Kharland" (hub of Salt production), acclaimed from sea by centuries old seawalls.

Pen City is located at the junction: surrounded by hills on one side and flatland on the other side.

Important villages/town in the county are :

[13]

Demographics

Bene Israel synagogue, the Beth-Ha-Elohim

The Pen Municipal Council has population of 37,852 of which 19,257 are males while 18,595 are females as per report released by Census India 2011. Population of Children with age of 0-6 is 3910 which is 10.33% of total population of Pen (M Cl). In Pen Municipal Council, Female Sex Ratio is of 966 against state average of 929. Moreover, Child Sex Ratio in Pen is around 911 compared to Maharashtra state average of 894. Literacy rate of Pen city is 91.40% higher than state average of 82.34%. In Pen, Male literacy is around 93.91% while female literacy rate is 88.82%.[chk]

Traditionally, Pen city was populated by Agri, Brahmins and merchant's community as it was center of culture, education and trade. But now, city of Pen has become a beautiful amalgam of diverse castes and religions, co-existing peacefully, side by side. In the olden days, Pen was recognised primarily as a Chitpavan Brahmin dominated village but Nowadays all Pen tehsil dominated by Agri . Agri community dwells in flatlands of Pen West, Hinterlands of Pen South-East are sparsely populated by tribal Katkari and Thakurs[14][15] Pen has a small Jewish community, the Bene Israel. The community has a synagogue the Beth-Ha-Elohim.[16] Population of Pen county is 1,76,681 as per 2001 census.[17]

Development and Economy

Moreshwar Adlabs (Theatre) sideview
Moreshwar adlabs front gate
A clay Ganesha murti, worshipped during Ganesh Chaturthi festival.

People in the Pen city are employed in various sectors such as trade/business, education, banking, industries, services, papad making (women's co-operatives) and most importantly, idol making!

Most villagers are dependent for livelihood on Paddy farming in monsoon. Various vegetables are also grown as by-products, especially in eastern part of the county.[18]

Industrial belt in western part of the county is causing a major problem of pollution in surrounding rural areas, creating health problems and reducing crop yields. Reliance Industries was promoting a Maha Mumbai Special Economic Zone, located around the town. A study conducted by Citizen's Research Collective on SEZ has called the Maha Mumbai Special Eeconomic Zone a Special Exploitation Zone[19] Land owners resisted the purchase of their land for the purpose and following a historic referendum on the issue, SEZ was cancelled.[19] [20][21] Land prices are soaring and economy is growing rapidly but there are some serious concerns about uneven and unjust development.

Education

From historic times, city of Pen was center of education and culture in konkan region. In fact, Lokmanya Tilak used to call it "कोकणचे पुणे"(Pune of Konkan) due to progressive mindset of Penkars and their love of knowledge.[25] There were at least two school of Vedas(वेदशाळा) in Datar Ali area of Pen city, one of them in Sahasrabuddhe family. Pundits from all over Maharashtra used to come to Pen to make copies of rare ancient books(पोथी).[26] Sages of Pen especially Bhave, were so superior intellectually, that they defeated sages who accompanied Shankarachrya of Kashi, in debates on Religious studies during his 1883 visit.[27]

English language instructions came to Pen in the late 19th century in the form of primary English classes started by Christian missionaries. This school moved to Alibag with the shifting of the district headquarters there. The Pen Municipal council started five classes, and subsequently Vinayak Narayan Manohar started the remaining two classes, naming them Pen Candidate Classes.The Jewish community who lived in the Pen village adopted the last name of them as "पेणकर" or "Penkar" and it is still being continued wherever the decedents of their people settle, even in USA,Canada and Israel. Plague caused this school to be closed. This English-Marathi school was later revived in the first decade of the 20th century. Balkrishna Shankar Karandikar started an industrial training school around this time; the Kokan Vidyalaya, which was later closed as a result of his arrest for involvement in Jackson's shooting at Nasik in 1909. On 10 April 1910 the Pen Education society was formed, Pen Private High School was started, in Shankar Khanderao Phanse's bungalow (now the Maternity Hospital), from where it shifted in October 1912, to its present premises at the foot of Peer Dongri.[28] Pen has a grand public library: The Mahatma Gandhi Vachanalay or "महात्मा गांधी वाचनालय".

Further reading

See also

References

  1. ↑ Maharashtra Tourism: The Ganesha Idols of Pen
  2. ↑ Gadre, A. S. (July 1943). Important inscriptions from the Baroda State. Vol. I. Baroda, Gujarat, India: Sri Pratapasimha Maharaj rajyabhidheka granthmala, Baroda. pp. 35, 45.
  3. 1 2 पेणचा वैभवशाली इतिहास - द. कृ. वैरागी
  4. ↑ पेणचे बंदर - पेण शहराचा इतिहास, 2003 edition
  5. 1 2 P., Setu Madhav Rao (July 1964). "Pen". Kolaba District Gazetteer. The Gazetteers department, Kolaba. Retrieved 2009-10-28.
  6. ↑ पेणचा वैभवशाली इतिहास.
  7. ↑ http://www.echavdi.com/itihas/GloriousHistoryOfPen.php
  8. ↑ MMRDA
  9. ↑ Administrative Divisions - Raigad Gazettier
  10. ↑ Places in Raigad
  11. ↑ Sub divisions of Raigad district
  12. ↑ Sankshi Fort
  13. ↑ , , .
  14. ↑ Communities of Pen - पेण शहराचा इतिहास
  15. ↑ "Census of India 2001: Data from the 2001 Census, including cities, villages and towns (Provisional)". Census Commission of India. Archived from the original on 2004-06-16. Retrieved 2008-11-01.
  16. ↑ Israel, Benjamin J. (1984). The Bene Israel of India: some studies. p. 107. ISBN 9780861314553.
  17. ↑ http://raigad.nic.in/htmldocs/demography.htm
  18. ↑ Agriculture - Kolaba District Gazetteer Revised Edition 1964
  19. 1 2 "Reliance Maha Mumbai SEZ Study" (PDF). Citizen's Research Collective on SEZ. 2007-09-15. Retrieved 2009-10-25. |first1= missing |last1= in Authors list (help)
  20. ↑ Menon, Meena (2007-03-24). "Farmers take to streets against SEZ in Raigad". The Hindu. Retrieved 2009-10-25.
  21. ↑ A., Shaban; Sharma R. N. (December 2005). "Social Impact Assessment of Maha Mumbai Special Economic Zone" (PDF). Tata Institute of Social Sciences. Archived from the original (pdf) on July 19, 2006. Retrieved 2009-10-25.
  22. ↑ The Ganesha of Pen
  23. ↑ "Districts - Raigad - Economy - Industry" (asp). Maharashtra Nav Nirman Sena. Retrieved 2009-10-25.
  24. ↑ Small and Medium industries- Kolaba Gazettier
  25. ↑ Page 11, कर्मयोगी रामभाऊ मंडलिक, Second Edition.
  26. ↑ Page 34, पेण शहराचा इतिहास, 2003 edition
  27. ↑ पेण तालुक्यातील स्वातंत्र संग्रामाचा ईतिहास (लेखक - प. रा. दाते)
  28. ↑ "A brief history.". Pen Education Society's web site. Pen Education Society. 2007. Retrieved 2009-10-30.
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