Penalty card

Yellow card shown in an association football match

A penalty card is used in many sports as a means of warning, reprimanding or penalising a player, coach or team official. Penalty cards are most commonly used by referees or umpires to indicate that a player has committed an offense. The referee will hold the card above his or her head while looking or pointing towards the player that has committed the offense. The colour and/or shape of the card used by the official indicates the type or seriousness of the offence and the level of punishment that is to be applied.

By analogy the term is sometimes used in non-sporting contexts. For example, the UK Radio Authority spoke of issuing a yellow card to those who broke its rules.[1]

History and origin

The idea of using language-neutral coloured cards to communicate a referee's intentions originated with British football referee Ken Aston.[2] Aston had been appointed to the FIFA Referees' Committee and was responsible for all referees at the 1966 FIFA World Cup. In the quarter finals, England met Argentina at Wembley Stadium. After the match, newspaper reports stated that referee Rudolf Kreitlein had cautioned both Bobby and Jack Charlton, as well as sending off Argentinian Antonio Rattin. The referee had not made his decision clear during the game, and England manager Alf Ramsey approached FIFA for post-match clarification. This incident started Aston thinking about ways to make a referee's decisions clearer to both players and spectators. Aston realised that a colour-coding scheme based on the same principle as used on traffic lights (yellow – stop if safe to do so, red – stop) would transcend language barriers and make it clear that a player had been cautioned or expelled.[2] As a result, yellow cards to indicate a caution and red cards to indicate an expulsion were used for the first time in the 1970 FIFA World Cup in Mexico. The use of penalty cards has since been adopted and expanded by several sporting codes, with each sport adapting the idea to its specific set of rules or laws.

Commonly used penalty cards

Yellow card

A yellow card is used in several sports and most commonly indicates a warning or a temporary suspension

A yellow card is used in many different sporting codes. Its meaning differs among sports; however, it most commonly indicates a caution given to a player regarding his or her conduct, or indicates a temporary suspension. Examples include:

In most tournaments, the accumulation of a certain number of yellow cards over several matches results in disqualification of the offending player for a certain number of subsequent matches, the exact number of cards and matches varying by jurisdiction.
For more details, see Yellow card (association football)

Red card

A red card is used in several sports and most commonly indicates a serious offence and can often mean that a player has been kicked out for the rest of the game and maybe for the next game also.

A red card is used in several different sporting codes. Its meaning differs among sports, but it most commonly indicates a serious offence and often results in a player being permanently suspended from the game (commonly known as an ejection, dismissal, expulsion, removal, or sending-off, often with personal embarrassment). Examples include:

For more details, see Red card (association football).
A red card shown in a handball match
  • Six Man: A player assessed a red card must leave the playing area and remain in the penalty area for the remainder of the set. If an expelled player cannot be legally substituted, the opponent wins the set.[17] A red card shown together with a yellow card indicates a participant has been disqualified and ejected from the match.[17] In the NCAA, red and yellow cards in the same hand indicate that the player must sit out the rest of that game, while red and yellow cards held apart indicate that the participant is disqualified and must leave the playing and spectator areas.
  • Two Man (beach): The penalty is loss of serve (if serving) and a penalty point awarded to the opposing team.

Other types of penalty cards

Green card

In field hockey, a triangular-shaped green card indicates an official warning.
A Penn State field hockey player receives a green card.

A green card is used in some sports to indicate an official warning to a player who has committed a minor offence that does not warrant a more serious sanction.

White card

In bandy, a white card indicates a five-minute penalty while a blue card indicates a ten-minute penalty.

A white card is used in bandy to indicate a five-minute timed penalty given to a player.[9] The offending player must leave the playing area and wait on a penalty bench near the centre line until the penalty has expired. During the 5 minute period the player may not be replaced, although he or she may be replaced with a different player when the penalty has expired. Offences that can warrant a white card include trying to hinder the opponents from executing a free-stroke, illegal substitution or repeated illegal but non-violent attacks on an opponent.

In the 2012 rugby union Super 15 season, a White Card was introduced for incidents of suspected foul play where the referee is unsure of the identity of the perpetrator, or where the referee is unsure if a red card is warranted. The incident is later referred to the citing commissioner, and may result in a suspension for the offending player.[18] It is similar to a citation sign (arms crossed above the head) in rugby league. However, in 2013 the IRB extended the powers of the TMO to include reviewing suspected incidents of foul play.[19] As a result, no white cards were issued in 2013.[20]

Blue card

A blue card or 'Blue Disk' as pioneered by The Elms, is used in bandy to indicate a ten-minute timed penalty given to a player.[9] The offending player must leave the playing area and wait on a penalty bench near the centre line until the penalty has expired. During the 10 minute period the player may not be replaced, although he or she may be replaced with a different player when the penalty has expired. A blue card is typically shown for offences that are more serious than those warranting a white card including attacking an opponent in a violent or dangerous way, causing advantage by intentionally stopping the ball with a high stick or protesting a referee's decision.

A blue card is also frequently used in indoor soccer in the United States, signifying that the offender must leave the field and stay in a penalty box (usually 2–5 minutes), during which time their team plays down a man (identical to ice hockey and roller hockey). If a goal is scored by the team opposite of the offender, then the offender may return to the field immediately. It is also used in the Clericus Cup association football league for a 5-minute bench penalty for unsportsmanlike play. And it is also used in the beach soccer for a 2-minute bench penalty for unsportsmanlike play.

A Blue Card is also used in Muggle Quidditch to indicate a technical foul. The fouling player is sent to the penalty box for one minute and may be replaced with a substitute.[21]

In European indoor soccer or Futsal, a Blue Card was used to send a player off the court; however the team was able to replace him with another player. The offending player could not return to play during the match. A blue card was shown directly for foul play or verbal abuse, if the same player had received two yellow cards, or if he had accumulated a total of 5 fouls during the game.

Black card

A black card in fencing indicates an offense serious enough to warrant a suspension

A black card is used in fencing. It is issued by the director, or the referee for severe rule infractions.[12] A second instance of a Group 3 offence, and all Group 4 offences including deliberate brutality, refusal to fence, refusal to salute, and refusal to shake hands can be punished with a black card.[12] When the black card is issued, the offending fencer is excluded from the remainder of the competition and may be suspended from further tournaments. In the official record of the tournament, his or her name is replaced with the words "FENCER EXCLUDED".[22]

A black card is also used in the sport of badminton to indicate disqualification.[23]

In the Gaelic Games of Gaelic football and hurling, a tick or black book – is recorded against a player for a minor infringement not warranting a yellow card, though multiple bookings will result in the issuance of a yellow card. The act of the referee physically holding up his black notebook in the same manner as a card has been discontinued by the GAA.[24] Beginning January 1, 2014 a player in Gaelic Football can be ordered off the pitch for the remainder of the game with a substitution allowed by being physically shown a Black Card (the referee's black notebook) in the same manner as any other penalty card for 'cynical behaviour,' including blatant tripping, pulling down and bodychecking.[25]

See also

References

  1. "Radio Authority publishes Programming & Advertising Review for fourth quarter of 2000". ofcom.org.uk.
  2. 1 2 "Ken Aston – the inventor of yellow and red cards". fifa.com. Retrieved February 20, 2013.
  3. 1 2 3 "Laws of the Game". fifa.com. Retrieved June 6, 2008.
  4. 1 2 3 "IAAF Starting Guidelines" (PDF).
  5. "IAAF sanctions immediate disqualification for false starts come January". The Daily Telegraph (London). August 12, 2009. Retrieved August 25, 2015.
  6. 1 2 "AFL Laws of the Game" (PDF). AFL Commission. Retrieved October 20, 2012.
  7. 1 2 "Laws of badminton". bwfbadminton.org. Badminton World Federation. pp. 10–11. Retrieved 1 March 2015.
  8. 1 2 "Recommendations to technical officials". bwfbadminton.org. Badminton World Federation. pp. 8–9. Retrieved 1 March 2015.
  9. 1 2 3 4 "Bandy – Rules of Play". internationalbandy.com. Retrieved June 10, 2008.
  10. 1 2 3 "International Canoe Polo – Rules of Play". canoepolonz.org.nz. Retrieved June 12, 2008.
  11. 1 2 "FEI General Regulations" (PDF). fei.org. Archived from the original (PDF) on July 4, 2008. Retrieved September 17, 2008.
  12. 1 2 3 4 5 6 "FIE Competition Rules". britishfencing.com. Retrieved Sep 8, 2010.
  13. 1 2 3 4 "Rules of Hockey 2007/8". fihockey.org. Retrieved June 6, 2008.
  14. 1 2 3 "International Handball Federation – Rules of the Game 2005". ihf.info. Retrieved June 8, 2008.
  15. 1 2 Mike Rosenbaum. "Olympic Race Walking Basics". About.com Sports.
  16. 1 2 "International Rugby Board – Laws of the Game". irb.com. Retrieved June 8, 2008.
  17. 1 2 3 4 5 "FIVB – Official Volleyball Rules 2005". fivb.org. Archived from the original on May 21, 2008. Retrieved June 16, 2008.
  18. "Super Rugby: White card set for Super Rugby bow - Live Rugby News - ESPN Scrum". ESPN scrum.
  19. "Rugby365 - New TMO protocol". rugby365.com. line feed character in |title= at position 9 (help)
  20. "Rennie apologises for bizarre semi incident". Stuff.
  21. "Quidditch Rulebook" (PDF).
  22. "Fencing For Parents". U.S. Fencing – The Official Website of the U.S. Fencing Association. Archived from the original on 2008-06-25. Retrieved 2008-08-14.
  23. "8 badminton players tossed from Olympic doubles after being accused of throwing matches". New York Post. Associated Press. 1 August 2012. Retrieved August 1, 2012.
  24. Keys, Colm (May 8, 2009). "GAA throw caution to wind and abandon black books". Irish Independent.
  25. "GAA passcontroversial 'black card' rule". Irish Independent. 23 March 2013. Retrieved 14 August 2013.
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