University of Pittsburgh

University of Pittsburgh
Former names
 Pittsburgh Academy (1787–1819)
Western University of Pennsylvania (1819–1908)
Motto Veritas et Virtus (Latin)
Motto in English
 Truth and Virtue
Type State-related[1]
Established February 28, 1787
Endowment $3.589 billion (2015)[2]
Chancellor Patrick D. Gallagher
Provost Patricia E. Beeson
Academic staff
 4,880[3][4]
Students 28,617[5][3]
Undergraduates 18,757[5][3]
Postgraduates 9,860[3]
Location Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, U.S.
Campus Urban, 132 acres (53 ha)
Colors Blue & Gold[6]
         
Athletics NCAA Division I – ACC, EAGL
Nickname Panthers
Mascot Roc the Panther
Affiliations AAU, APLU, EDUCAUSE, MSA, ORAU, URA
Website www.pitt.edu
Designated November 2, 1979[7]

The University of Pittsburgh (commonly referred to as Pitt) is a state-related research university located in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. In 1787 after the American Revolutionary War, it was founded on the edge of the American frontier as the Pittsburgh Academy. It developed and was renamed as Western University of Pennsylvania by a change to its charter in 1819. After surviving two devastating fires and various relocations within the area, the school moved to its current location in the Oakland neighborhood of the city; it was renamed as the University of Pittsburgh in 1908. For most of its history, Pitt was a private institution, until 1966 when it became part of the Commonwealth System of Higher Education.

The university is composed of 17 undergraduate and graduate schools and colleges located at its urban Pittsburgh campus, home to the university's central administration and 28,766 undergraduate, graduate, and professional students. The university also includes four undergraduate schools located at campuses within Western Pennsylvania: Bradford, Greensburg, Johnstown, and Titusville. The 132-acre Pittsburgh campus has multiple contributing historic buildings of the Schenley Farms Historic District, most notably its 42-story Gothic revival centerpiece, the Cathedral of Learning. The campus is situated adjacent to the flagship medical facilities of its closely affiliated University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (UPMC), as well as the Carnegie Museums of Pittsburgh, Schenley Park, and Carnegie Mellon University.

The university has an annual operating budget of approximately $2 billion, which includes nearly $900 million in research and development expenditures. A member of the Association of American Universities, Pitt is the sixth-largest recipient of federally sponsored research funding among U.S. universities in 2013, and it is a major recipient of research funding from the National Institutes of Health.[8][9] It is the second-largest non-government employer in the Pittsburgh region behind UPMC. Pitt is ranked among the top public universities in the United States in both domestic[10][11] and international rankings,[12][13][14][15] and has been listed as a "best value" in higher education by several publications.[16][17]

Pitt students have access to various arts programs throughout the campus and city, and can participate in approximately 350 student organizations. Pitt's varsity athletic teams, collectively known as the Pittsburgh Panthers, compete in Division I of the NCAA, primarily as members of the Atlantic Coast Conference.

History

Hugh Henry Brackenridge, founder of Pittsburgh Academy, the precursor to the University of Pittsburgh

Founding

Founded by Hugh Henry Brackenridge as Pittsburgh Academy in 1787, the University of Pittsburgh is one of the few universities and colleges established in the 18th century in the United States. It is the oldest continuously chartered institution of learning in the U.S. west of the Allegheny Mountains.[18] The school began as a preparatory school, presumably in a log cabin, possibly as early as 1770[19] in Western Pennsylvania, then a frontier.[20] Brackenridge obtained a charter for the school from the state legislature of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania on February 28, 1787, just ten weeks before the opening of the Constitutional Convention in Philadelphia.[21][22] A brick building was erected in 1790 on the south side of Third Street and Cherry Alley for the Pittsburgh Academy.[23][24][25] The small two-story brick building, with a gable facing the alley, contained three rooms: one below and two above.[26]

The Western University

The University in 1833 at its location on 3rd Avenue in downtown Pittsburgh

Within a short period, more advanced education in the area was needed, so in 1819 the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania amended the school's 1787 charter to confer university status. The school took the name the Western University of Pennsylvania, or WUP, and was intended to be the western sister institution to the University of Pennsylvania in Philadelphia.[27][28] By 1830, WUP had moved into a new three-story, freestone-fronted building, with Ionic columns and a cupola, near its original buildings fronting the south side of Third Street, between Smithfield Street and Cherry Alley in downtown Pittsburgh. By the 1830s, the university faced severe financial pressure to abandon its traditional liberal education in favor of the state legislature's desire for it to provide more vocational training. The decision to remain committed to liberal education nearly killed the university, but it persevered despite its abandonment by the city and state.[29] It was also during this era that the founder of Mellon Bank, Thomas Mellon (Class of 1837), graduated and later taught at WUP.[23][24][25]

The University's buildings, along with most of its records and files, were destroyed in the Great Fire of 1845 that wiped out 20 square blocks of Pittsburgh. Classes were temporarily held in Trinity Church until a new building was constructed on Duquesne Way (on what was the site of the former Horne's department store). Only four years later, in 1849, this building also was destroyed by fire. Due to the catastrophic nature of these fires, operations were suspended for a few years to allow the University time to regroup and rebuild. By 1854, WUP had erected a new building on the corner of Ross and Diamond (now Forbes Avenue) streets (site of the present day City-County building) and classes resumed in 1855. It is during this era, in 1867, that Samuel Pierpont Langley, astronomer, inventor, aviation pioneer and future Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution, was chosen as director of the Allegheny Observatory that was donated to WUP in 1865. Langley was professor of astronomy and physics and remained at WUP until 1891, when he was succeeded by another prominent astronomer, James Keeler. Growing quickly during this period, WUP outgrew its downtown facilities and the university moved its campus to Allegheny City (present-day North Side).[23][24][25]

The University eventually found itself on a 10-acre (4.0 ha) site on the North Side's Observatory Hill at the location of its Allegheny Observatory. There, it constructed two new buildings, Science Hall and Main Hall, that were occupied by 1889 and 1890 respectively. During this era, the first collegiate football team was formed at Pitt in 1889. In 1892, the Western Pennsylvania Medical College was amalgamated into the University. By 1893, the University had graduated its first African-American, William Dammond.[30] In 1895 WUP established its School of Law, and Andrew Carnegie and George Westinghouse were elected to the Board of Trustees, where they joined Andrew Mellon who had been elected in 1894. The Pittsburgh College of Pharmacy and Pittsburgh Dental School also joined the University in 1896. In 1898, the first women, sisters Margaret and Stella Stein, graduated from the University.[31] During this period, University engineering professor Reginald Fessenden was conducting pioneering work in radio broadcasting. By 1904, playing at Exposition Park, the University had its first undefeated football team.[23][24][25][32]

A new name and home

The Cathedral of Learning, the centerpiece of Pitt's campus and the tallest educational building in the Western Hemisphere

Citing a need to avoid confusion, distinguish itself from the University of Pennsylvania, and return to its roots by identifying itself with the city, the Western University of Pennsylvania, by act of the state legislature, was renamed the University of Pittsburgh in the summer of 1908. During this time, the University had also outgrown its accommodations on what is now the North Side of Pittsburgh and its departments had been scattered throughout the city for years. To consolidate all of its components on one campus, WUP bought 43 acres (170,000 m2) of land in December 1907 in what is now the Oakland neighborhood of Pittsburgh and began relocating departments there by 1909.[33] The initial campus plan for the new location centered on the winning submission from a national architectural contest that incorporated a Greek Acropolis design by Henry Hornbostel for 30 buildings.[34] However, due to financial and other constraints, only four of the buildings were constructed in this style, of which only Thaw Hall remains today. In the fall of 1909, the University became the first college to adopt the panther as its mascot.[35] It was also during this period that the university, led by Chancellor Samuel McCormick, again held off pressures to abandon the school's commitment to liberal education in favor of more technical-based training. During his administration, McCormick also led the university into a new level of national recognition, expansion, and growth, as well as beginning institutional support of athletics.[36]

In the 1920s, new university chancellor John Gabbert Bowman declared that he had a vision for a centerpiece "tall building" for the university. The 14 acres (5.7 ha) Frick Acres property in Oakland was soon purchased and plans for the campus shifted focus from the hillside to a neo-Gothic Revival plan that today comprises the Cathedral of Learning, Heinz Memorial Chapel, Stephen Foster Memorial, and Clapp Hall buildings. By 1925, Bowman had settled on a design by Charles Klauder for the "tall building": an attention-getting 535-foot (163 m) tower whose great height, with open spaces all around, would suggest the "character that ought to be in an educated man." The building's "parallel lines going up and up...would express courage [and] fearlessness" and it would "unify Pittsburgh into a community conscious of its character." The Cathedral is "cut off" flat at the top to suggest that its lines, like education, have no ending. The building was financed by donors and by a campaign to collect dimes from local school children. Bowman was a persuasive leader and although the Great Depression intervened, the Cathedral of Learning, on which construction was begun in 1926, began hosting classes in 1931 and was formally dedicated in 1937. Today, it remains the second tallest university building in the world and contains an equally impressive interior highlighted by a half-acre (2,000 m²) Gothic hall Commons Room with 52-foot (16 m) tall arches currently surrounded by 30 Nationality Rooms, however seven more Nationality Rooms are in the making.[37]

Development of the polio vaccine

Jonas Salk developed the first polio vaccine at the University of Pittsburgh.

In the early 20th century, epidemics of polio began to hit the United States and other industrialized countries. As hospitals filled with patients in iron lungs, and tens of thousands were left disabled, the fear of polio grew, leading to the closing of many public facilities. Meanwhile, Dr. Jonas Salk had set up the University of Pittsburgh's Virus Research Lab in the basement of what is now Salk Hall. By 1951, Salk and his team had begun immunization experiments in monkeys using dead polio virus. Soon, however, Salk began to test inoculations in paralyzed polio patients and by 1953 human trials among the general population were initiated. By the spring of the following year, the largest controlled field trials in medical history were underway, and by 1955 the vaccine developed by Salk and his researchers was declared effective. By 1962, Salk's vaccine had reduced the incidence of polio in the United States by 95 percent. The breakthroughs in immunology and vaccine development at Pitt by Salk and his team are considered one of the most significant scientific and medical achievements in history.[38][39]

State relations to present day

In 1966, Pitt was designated by Pennsylvania as a state-related university. As such, Pitt receives public funds ($185.4 million in fiscal year 2011) covering about 9% of its operating budget, and offers reduced tuition to Pennsylvania residents. Pitt retains independent control, but is typically categorized as a public university. Upon affiliation with the state, subsidized tuition led to a massive influx of new students and rapid expansion of Pitt's size and scope. In the 1970s, Pitt's football team returned to greatness with a national championship season in 1976 led by Hall of Fame running back Tony Dorsett and continued success in the 1980s with players such as Hall of Fame quarterback Dan Marino. In the 1980s, significant medical research in the field of organ transplantation was conducted by Thomas Starzl, establishing Pitt as the world leader in the field of organ transplantation. In 1991, chancellor Wesley Posvar retired after 24 years in office. His administration is best known for elimination of the university's debt from its 1960s financial crisis and for increasing the school's prestige and endowment. Under Posvar, Pitt's operating budget grew sevenfold to $630 million and its endowment tripled to $257 million.[40]

Mark Nordenberg was chancellor of the University from 1995 to 2014 and led Pitt through a period of substantial progress, including a $2-billion capital-raising campaign that is over three quarters of the way toward achieving its goal[41] and a $1-billion 12-year facilities plan.[42] Major initiatives and events that have occurred during his tenure include the construction of the Petersen Events Center, a major expansion of on-campus housing, the growth of the University of Pittsburgh Medical Center and the restructuring of its relationship with the university, and a series of disruptive bomb threats that occurred in 2012.

Patrick D. Gallagher was named the 18th chancellor of the University and assumed the office on August 1, 2014.[43]

Campus

The lower campus, the traditional heart of the university, is typified by Gothic Revival architecture including Heinz Chapel (right) and the Stephen Foster Memorial (center foreground), but the 42-story Cathedral of Learning dominates most views across the Oakland neighborhood

The University of Pittsburgh's main campus comprises approximately 132 urban acres (0.53 km2) located in Pittsburgh's historic Oakland neighborhood. Much of the campus, including its centerpiece 42-story Cathedral of Learning, falls within the Oakland Civic Center/Schenley Farms National Historic District.[44] The campus has been noted for its impressive architecture,[45] and contains an eclectic mix of architecture that includes Greek revival, Neogothic, Italian Renaissance, and modern. It has been termed "a theme park of replica buildings, representing the architecture of the past speaking to the present."[46] The campus has won multiple Green Star Awards from the Professional Grounds Management Society.[47][48][49]

The University of Pittsburgh's main campus contains four contiguous sections: upper (sports complexes, residence halls); mid (Benedum, Chevron, Allen and Thaw Halls); lower (Cathedral of Learning, Union, Posvar Hall); and on the west end of campus, the medical center complex. The campus is bordered by Darragh Street/McKee Place to the west and Bellefield Avenue/Dithridge Street to the east; Forbes and Fifth avenues traverse the campus from west to east. Although generally within walking distance, the university also runs a bus and shuttle service between various campus locations and bordering neighborhoods.[50]

The main campus is within walking distance of many recreational, cultural, and educational institutions in the Oakland neighborhood. The campus is adjacent to Schenley Plaza, the main branch of the Carnegie Public Library, the Carnegie Museums of Natural History and Art and the Carnegie Music Hall, as well as portions of Carnegie Mellon University. Carlow University is just west of campus, adjacent to the University's medical center complexes. The main quad of Carnegie Mellon University, Central Catholic High School, and historic Schenley Park, site of the Phipps Conservatory & Botanical Gardens, lie across Junction Hollow on the east end.

Historic buildings

Heinz Memorial Chapel

Two Pitt buildings are on the National Register of Historic Places: Allegheny Observatory (in Pittsburgh's Riverview Park on the Northside) and the Cathedral of Learning.[51] Twenty-one of Pitt's buildings (including the 5 residence halls that make up Schenley Quadrangle, see below) are contributing properties to the Schenley Farms-Oakland Civic Center Historic District that has been listed on the National Register of Historic Places as a historic district.[44]

Due to the historical nature of various sites around Pitt's buildings, the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania has placed historical markers outside the Allegheny Observatory,[52] Posvar Hall,[53][54] Salk Hall,[55] Stephen Foster Memorial,[56] and the William Pitt Union.[57] In addition, a Pennsylvania Historical Marker has been placed on campus near the Cathedral of Learning to mark the significance of the University of Pittsburgh itself.[58] Another state historical marker has been placed to highlight the significance of Pitt's involvement in the archaeological excavation at the Meadowcroft Rockshelter in Avella, Pennsylvania.[59]

The restored Louis XV mirrored ballroom of the Beaux-Arts styled William Pitt Union

In addition, the Pittsburgh History and Landmarks Foundation has designated the following Pitt buildings as Pittsburgh Historic Landmarks: Allegheny Observatory, Allen Hall, Alumni Hall, Bellefield Hall, Chancellor's Residence, Cathedral of Learning, the Cathedral of Learning interior rooms, Gardner Steel Conference Center, Heinz Memorial Chapel, Thaw Hall, Salk Hall, Schenley Quadrangle residence halls, Stephen Foster Memorial, the University Child Development Center, and the William Pitt Union.[60][61]

Other Pitt buildings not designated individually as landmarks, but listed among the 16 Pitt-owned contributing properties to the Schenley Farms Historic District, include Clapp Hall, O'Hara Student Center, Ruskin Hall, Thackeray Hall, Frick Fine Arts Building, Music Building, and the University Club.[62]

Historic structures within, adjacent to, or near Pitt's campus, but not belonging to the university, include the Carnegie Museum buildings, Frick School, Forbes Field wall remnant, Magee Estate iron fence, the Schenley Fountain, Mellon Institute, Phipps Conservatory & Botanical Gardens, the Pittsburgh Athletic Association, St. Paul's Cathedral, St. Nicholas Greek Orthodox Church, Schenley High School, Soldiers and Sailors Memorial Hall, and the Stephen Foster sculpture. Many of these buildings and their facilities are integrated into the events and activities of the university.[63][64][65]

Other buildings

Frick Fine Arts Building with the Mary Schenley Memorial Fountain

The majority of Pitt-owned facilities are clustered in the Oakland neighborhood of Pittsburgh which includes the Schenley Farms Historic District, however a few prominent facilities are scattered elsewhere throughout the city, including the adjacent Shadyside neighborhood. Pitt also maintains regional Pennsylvania campuses in Bradford, Greensburg, Johnstown, and Titusville, as well as a Computer Center in RIDC Park in Blawnox, the Plum Boro Science Center in Plum, the University of Pittsburgh Applied Research Center (U-PARC) in Harmarville, and the Pymatuning Laboratory of Ecology in Linesville.[66] The university also has a major archeological research site, the Allen L. Cook Spring Creek Preserve, in Spring Creek, Wyoming.[67][68]

Athletic facilities of the University of Pittsburgh Panthers that are located in Oakland in the upper campus and include the Charles L Cost Sports Center, Fitzgerald Field House, the Petersen Events Center, Trees Hall and Trees Field. An approximately $30 million upgrade of on-campus sports facilities, starting with the Petersen Sports Complex, includes new soccer, baseball, softball facilities, and helps clear a space for the future construction of a new track and field and band complex.[69] Athletic facilities in Pittsburgh that are located outside of the Oakland neighborhood include Heinz Field and the UPMC Sports Performance Complex.[70]

Major on-campus residence halls include the Litchfield Towers, Schenley Quadrangle, Nordenberg Hall, Bouquet Gardens and Ruskin Hall located on the lower campus, Lothrop Hall and Forbes Hall on the medical campus, and Pennsylvania, Panther, and Sutherland halls located on the upper campus.[71]

University of Pittsburgh Medical Center

Thomas Starzl Biomedical Science Tower is connected to the med school and UPMC's flagship hospitals

The University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (UPMC), which is consistently ranked in U.S. News & World Report's "Honor Roll" of America's top hospitals,[72] consists of the following hospitals and facilities in the Oakland area, many of which have shared use with various university departments: UPMC Presbyterian Hospital, UPMC Montefiore Hospital, Magee-Women's Hospital of UPMC, Western Psychiatric Institute and Clinic in Thomas Detre Hall, Eye and Ear Institute, Forbes Tower (home to the School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences), Iroquois Building, Kaufman Medical Building, Medical Arts Building, 230 McKee Place, and UPMC University Center. UPMC academic hospitals and facilities that are scattered elsewhere throughout the city include the Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC campus in the Lawrencevville neighborhood, the UPMC Sports Performance Complex on the South Side, and UPMC Shadyside and the University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute in the Hillman Cancer Center both located in the Shadyside neighborhood adjacent to Oakland.[73]

Regional campuses

Regional campuses offer master's, bachelor's, and associate degrees at four locations in Western Pennsylvania. They also allow students to take preliminary courses and relocate to other regional campuses or the Oakland campus to complete their degrees. They offer several degrees and certificates:

Community impact

Aerial view of the university and Oakland neighborhood; Carnegie Mellon University is at top-right

The University of Pittsburgh has been noted for both its role in community outreach and its impact on the economy of the city and the Western Pennsylvania region. In 2009, Pitt was ranked second overall, and the top public university in the nation, as a "Best Neighbor" for positive impact on its urban community, including both commercial and residential activities such as revitalization, cultural renewal, economics, and community service and development according to the "Saviors of Our Cities" ranking.[74] Pitt was also listed as a "best neighbor" in the previous ranking released in 2006.[75] These rankings reflect the statistics that each year Pitt spends more than $1.7 billion in the community and supports nearly 33,800 jobs in Allegheny County. The university is the Pittsburgh region's second largest non-government employer behind its affiliated University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (UPMC).[76] Pitt's research program alone imports more than $822 million into the region each year (more than $3.60 for each $1 of state appropriations), and supports some 23,100 local jobs.[77][78][79] Pitt students also spend more than $213 million on goods, services, and rental payments within the local economy.[80] Pitt ranked sixth in the number of startups spawned by technologies developed by its researchers according to Association of University Technology Managers.[81]

Pitt and its medical school are the academic partners of the closely affiliated the University of Pittsburgh Medical Center. With over 55,000 employees and $10 billion in annual revenue, UPMC is the largest non-government employer in Pennsylvania.[82]

Through the Pitt Volunteer Pool, faculty and staff members donate more than 10,000 hours annually to community service projects for agencies such as the Salvation Army, Pittsburgh AIDS Task Force, and Greater Pittsburgh Community Food Bank.

Pitt also is a leading producer of Peace Corps volunteers.[80][83] According to the Peace Corps' 2008 ranking of colleges and universities, only 14 schools in the nation produced more Peace Corp volunteers.[84] Pitt's graduate school also ranked 10th for most alumni Peace Corps volunteers.[85]

Organization and administration

College/school founding
College/school
Year founded
Arts and Sciences
1787
Business (graduate)
1960
Business (undergraduate)
1907
Dental Medicine
1896
Education
1910
Engineering
1846
General Studies
1932
Health & Rehabilitation Sciences
1969
Honors
1987
Information Sciences
1901
Law
1895
Medicine
1883
Nursing
1939
Pharmacy
1878
Public & International Affairs
1957
Public Health
1948
Social Work
1938

The University was chartered by the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania in 1787 and it operated as a fully private institution until an alteration to its charter in 1966 at which point it became part of the Commonwealth System of Higher Education. This conferred "state-related" status to the university making it a legal instrument of the Commonwealth which provides an annual financial appropriation, currently 7.7% of the university's total operating budget,[86] in exchange for the university offering tuition discounts to students that are residents of Pennsylvania. Legally, however, the university remains a private entity, operating under its nonprofit corporate charter, governed by its independent Board of Trustees, and with its assets under its own ownership and control. Therefore, it retains the freedom and individuality of a private institution, both administratively and academically, setting its own standards for admissions, awarding of degrees, faculty qualifications, teaching, and staff hiring.[18]

The University's Board of Trustees maintains ultimate legal authority, governance, and responsibility for the university but specifically reserves authority over selecting the university's Chancellor; approval of major policies, particularly those related to the fiduciary responsibilities of the Board; and the definition of the university's mission and goals. It is made up of 36 voting members: Chancellor, 17 Term Trustees elected by the Board, 6 Alumni Trustees elected by the board on nomination from the Alumni Association Board of Directors, and 12 Commonwealth trustees. The Governor of Pennsylvania, the President Pro Tempore of the Pennsylvania Senate, and the Speaker of the Pennsylvania House of Representatives each appoints four of the 12 Commonwealth trustees. Additional non-voting trustees include 14 Special Trustees and additional Emeritus Trustees selected by the Board. Non-voting ex-officio members include the Governor of Pennsylvania, the Secretary of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, the Chief Executive of Allegheny County, and the Mayor of Pittsburgh. There are three or more regular meetings of the Board of Trustees per year.[87]

The Board of Trustees selects the university's Chancellor, who doubles as the chief academic officer and the Chief Executive Officer of the university as well as serving as an ex officio voting member of the Board or Trustees. The Chancellor is delegated with general administrative, academic, and management authority over the university. Under the Chancellor are the Provost and Senior Vice Chancellor, the Senior Vice Chancellor for Health Sciences, the deans of the various schools, the presidents of the regional campuses, department chairs, and the directors of University centers and institutes.[87] The university is accredited by the Middle States Association of Colleges and Schools.[3]

Academics

Throughout its history, Pitt has been committed to a liberal arts education with a well-rounded curriculum in the arts, sciences, and humanities.[29] Pitt has an increasing emphasis on undergraduate research experience and for providing real-world opportunities such as co-ops and internships.[88] Undergraduate degrees can be earned as Bachelor of Arts, Bachelor of Science, and Bachelor of Philosophy. Along with providing certificate programs, graduate level master's, professional, and doctoral degrees are also awarded. Pitt has also initiated a University-wide Outside the Classroom Curriculum (OCC) that includes a structured series of extracurricular programs and experiences designed to complement students' academic studies and help develop personal attributes and professional skills.[89] Students who complete the OCC requirements receive an OCC "transcript" and a green cord of distinction to wear at commencement.[90]

The freshman level entry schools include the Dietrich School of Arts and Sciences, the College of Business Administration, the Swanson School of Engineering, and the School of Nursing.

International studies

The Indian Classroom, one of 30 Nationality Rooms in the Cathedral of Learning

Pitt's history of commitment to international education is illustrated by its unique collection of 30 Nationality Rooms on the first and third floors of the Cathedral of Learning. As a further demonstration of this commitment, Pitt is one of the country's leading producers of both Fulbright scholars and Peace Corps volunteers[80][91] and one of fewer than 20 American universities to claim five or more area studies programs that have been competitively designated as National Resource Centers by the U.S. Department of Education.[92]

Pitt's National Resource Centers include Asian, European, Latin American, Russian and East European, and Global studies,[93] as well as Pitt's International Business Center.[92] In addition, Pitt's Asian Studies Center has been awarded status as a Confucius Institute by the Chinese Ministry of Education.[94][95] Further, Pitt is home to one of just ten European Union Centers of Excellence in the U.S., funded by the European Commission.[96]

The University Center for International Studies (UCIS) coordinates international education curricula, centers on topical specializations in international studies, and the centers for area studies, including the National Resource Centers, among existing faculty and departments throughout the university. It does not confer degrees, but awards certificates of attainment to degree candidates in the University's schools and also operates certificate programs in African Studies (undergraduate) and in Global Studies (undergraduate & graduate).[97] UCIS also operates the Study Abroad Office,[98] Nationality Rooms and Intercultural Exchange Programs.[99]

Pitt's study abroad program, under the auspices of UCIS, helps to facilitate student study in over a hundred different countries, and oversees a variety of programs including the Panther Programs, which are course taught abroad that have been developed and are accompanied by faculty of the university; two-way exchange agreements with foreign institutions; and Pitt-recognized, third-party exchange programs.[100] The university also offers several study abroad scholarships, including those through the Nationality Rooms program.[101] In addition, following the decision to end a 24-year sponsorship of the Semester at Sea program due to academic, administrative and safety concerns,[102] Pitt has created a Multi-region Academic Program (PittMAP) that involves international travel, accompanied by university faculty, to three different continents for the comparative study of one of six rotating global study themes.[103][104] Further, Pitt's Swanson School of Engineering has also established a joint engineering institute and program with Sichuan University in Chengdu,[105] and Pitt's School of Medicine has established an exchange program for biomedical research students with Tsinghua University in Beijing, China.[106]

Rankings

University rankings
National
ARWU[107] 41
Forbes[108] 212
U.S. News & World Report[109] 66
Washington Monthly[110] 88
Global
ARWU[111] 70
Times[112] 79

The Center for Measuring University Performance has ranked Pitt, along with only six other schools, in the top tier of U.S. public research universities and in the 6th tier (or top 25) among all universities according to its 2009 annual report.[10]

In its 2016 rankings, U.S. News & World Report ranked Pitt 24th in comparison to other public universities in the United States and tied for 66th among all national universities.[11] Princeton Review placed Pitt among its "Best Value Public Colleges",[17] while Kiplinger rated Pitt the best value in Pennsylvania and eighth best nationally for out-of-state students among public universities in their 2011 rankings.[16]

In worldwide evaluations of universities, Newsweek ranked Pitt 37th in its "The Top 100 Global Universities."[113] Pitt ranked 70th worldwide (and 41st in the U.S.) in the 2015 Shanghai Jiao Tong University's Academic Ranking of World Universities.[12] Pitt ranked 133rd globally in the 2015/16 QS World University Rankings.[114] Pitt ranks 24th of all universities in the world for the impact and performance of its scientific public publications according to the Performance Ranking of Scientific Papers for World Universities produced by the Higher Education Evaluation and Accreditation Council of Taiwan (HEEACT).[15] Pitt ranks as the 26th best higher education research institution worldwide according to SCImago Institutions Rankings' 2009 World Report.[115] Other world rankings include 29th in the world in the latest ranking by the Research Center for Chinese Science Evaluation at Wuhan University,[116] 37th in the world in the latest Webometrics rankings,[117] and 42nd in the world according to both the 2006 G-Factor International University Ranking[118] as well as the Russian-based 2009 Global University Ranking.[14]

In addition to its academic rankings, Pitt has also been recognized for its positive campus atmosphere, with The Princeton Review rating Pitt as having the 8th happiest student body and the 11th best quality of life in the nation in 2010.[119]

The 52ft (16 m), half acre (2,000 m²) Commons Room of the Cathedral of Learning serves as a major study and event space for the university and its students

Many of university's individual schools, departments, and programs are highly regarded in their particular field as evidenced by the number of Pitt programs that were ranked in the latest National Research Council rankings.[120] Particularly well regarded programs include Pitt's Department of Philosophy, which has long been renowned in the U.S. and worldwide, and is especially strong in the areas of mathematical and philosophical logic, metaphysics, history and philosophy of science, philosophy of language, philosophy of mathematics, philosophy of mind and psychology, and semantics.[121][122]

The University of Pittsburgh Schools of the Health Sciences, including Medicine, Dental, Nursing, ranked 5th nationally,[123] Pharmacy, Public Health, and Rehabilitation are also all highly ranked and regarded in their respective fields.[124] In addition, the University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, is consistently honored as one of America's top hospitals.[72]

The university's Joseph M. Katz School of Business MBA program is ranked first in the U.S. in "Value for Money," 51st overall in the nation, and its faculty research is ranked 47th in the world by the 2007 Financial Times ranking.[125] The Joseph Katz Graduate School consistently ranks among the top ten public business schools in the U.S. according to The Wall Street Journal.

Pitt's law school faculty has been ranked 21st in the nation based upon standard objective measures of scholarly impact.[126] Overall Pitt's Law School is ranked 63rd by The Law School 100,[127] is listed among the nation's top law schools by The Princeton Review,[128] and was ranked 91st by U.S. News & World Report in 2013,[129][130] down from a peak ranking of 48th in 2004.[131]

The University of Pittsburgh School of Social Work's MSW program was ranked 11th in the nation by US News in 2012.[132]

Pitt is home to the Gertrude E. and John M. Petersen Institute of NanoScience and Engineering, which was ranked second in the nation in 2006 for microscale and nanoscale research by the leading global trade publication, Small Times. Pitt also has a recognized program in Radio-frequency identification device (RFID) technology, with its research program rated among the top three in the world along with MIT and the University of Cambridge in England.[133]

Scholars

Pitt students and faculty have regularly won national and international scholarships and fellowship awards, including four Rhodes Scholarships since 2006.[134][135] In 2007, in addition to the three national military academies, Pitt was one of only nine universities, and the only public university, to claim both Rhodes and Marshall Scholars. Since 1995, Pitt undergraduates have also won six Marshall Scholarships,[136] five Truman Scholarships,[137] seven Udall Scholarships, a Churchill Scholarship, a Gates Cambridge Scholarship,[138] 43 Goldwater Scholarships,[139] 23 Boren Scholarships,[140] and three Mellon Humanities Fellowships.[141][142]

Pitt is also a leading producer of Fulbright scholars, placing in the top 20 of all universities in the number of student scholars.[143]

Pitt alumni have won awards such as the Nobel Peace Prize, the Nobel Prize in medicine, the Pulitzer Prize for fiction, the Shaw Prize in medicine, the Albany Prize in medicine, the Fritz Medal in engineering, the Templeton Prize, and the Grainger Challenge Prize for sustainability.[80][144]

Research

Salk Hall, where Jonas Salk's team performed the research that led to the first polio vaccine, is also home of the School of Dental Medicine and School of Pharmacy

Pitt, one of 62 elected members of the Association of American Universities, had $899 million in research and development expenditures in 2011, ranking 10th among all universities in the United States.[145] Of that amount, $663 million was received from federal sources, the fifth largest amount of federal research sponsorship among universities and the third most among public universities.[145][146] Pitt ranked in the top 25 of all universities in the world for the impact and performance of its scientific public publications, including in the top ten for clinical medicine, according to the Performance Ranking of Scientific Papers for World Universities produced by the Higher Education Evaluation and Accreditation Council of Taiwan.[15] Pitt is also ranked 29th in the world based on Essential Science Indicators according to the Research Center for Chinese Science Evaluation of Wuhan University.[116] Pitt places much emphasis on undergraduate research and has integrated such research experience as a key component of its undergraduate experience.[88]

Pitt is a major center of biomedical research; in FY 2013, it ranked sixth in the nation in competitive peer-reviewed NIH funding allocations,[8] and the University of Pittsburgh Medical Center ranked 10th among hospitals nationwide by USNews in 2013.[147]

Pitt neighbors the campus of Carnegie Mellon University (CMU), and in some cases, buildings of the two universities are intermingled. This helps to facilitate a myriad of academic and research collaborations between the two schools,[148] including such projects as the Pittsburgh Supercomputing Center, the Pittsburgh Life Sciences Greenhouse, the Immune Modeling Center, the Center for the Neural Basis of Cognition, the University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, as well as the National Science Foundation-supported Pittsburgh Science of Learning Center.[149][150] Further, the universities also offer multiple dual and joint degree programs such as the Medical Scientist Training Program, the Molecular Biophysics and Structural Biology Graduate Program, and the Law and Business Administration program. Some professors hold joint professorships between the two schools, and students at each university may take classes at the other (with appropriate approvals).[151] Pitt students and faculty also have access to the CMU library system, as well as the Carnegie Library of Pittsburgh, through the Oakland Library Consortium.[152] The two universities also co-host academic conferences, such as the 2012 Second Language Research Forum.[153]

Student life

Traditions

A concert during Fall Fest 2008

Several traditions have become part of student life at Pitt over the years. One of the oldest traditions is "Lantern Night", an annual ceremony that serves as a formal induction for freshman women to university life.[154][155] The tradition of sliding or stepping on the former home plate of Forbes Field embedded in the floor of Posvar Hall is performed by students in search of some good luck.[156][157][158][159] Another good luck tradition involves rubbing the nose of the Millennium Panther outside the William Pitt Union prior to exams.[160] Originated by students seeking good luck on exams, this tradition has further grown into one that is used by the wider university community when seeking general good fortune, particularly prior to football games or other athletic contests, and was featured in a national television advertisement for the 2012 Hyundai Tucson automobile.[161] A romantic tradition involves the legend stating that if lovers kiss on the steps of Heinz Memorial Chapel, they are then destined to be married there.[162] Perhaps the most prestigious tradition involves the Omicron Delta Kappa Walk, a stone walkway between the Cathedral of Learning and Heinz Chapel that contains the engraved names of Pitt's Omicron Delta Kappa Senior of the Year award winners. The walk is the only one of its kind in the country.[163]

Annual traditional events include "Fall Fest",[164] and in the spring, "Bigelow Bash". These festivals are held by the Pitt Program Council between the William Pitt Union and the Cathedral of Learning and involve a range of activities, novelties, and bands.[165] Related to graduation, there is Honors Convocation, where awards and recognition are bestowed upon students, faculty, alumni, and staff throughout the schools and departments of the university.[64] Also, the "Panther Sendoff" is a free annual reception typically held in Alumni Hall to congratulate each year's graduating class and wish them well.[166] A free event open to the public, the Nationality Rooms Open House occurs on a Sunday in early December each year in the Cathedral of Learning and involves the presentation of the rooms decorated in traditional holiday styles, day-long performances of dance and song by various ethnic groups, and food and crafts from many of the nationality room's committees.[167]

Varsity Walk

Traditions related to athletics include the "Victory Lights", where golden flood lights illuminate the top of the Cathedral of Learning after every football victory and select other athletic achievements.[168][169][170] The Annual Bonfire and Pep Rally which is hosted by the Pitt Program Council and is held prior to a select football game. Held on the lawn of the Cathedral of Learning, it often involves the band, cheerleaders, football team, visiting dignitaries, and giveaways.[168][171] Homecoming, which revolves around another home football game each year, includes a traditional fireworks and a laser-light display between the William Pitt Union and the Cathedral of Learning.[172] This is followed by Casino Night in the union, the football game, and a homecoming cruise on a Gateway Clipper Party Liner.[173][174][175] At football games, the "Football Tunnel" occurs where student organizations, carrying standards, form a tunnel for the football players to run through as they enter the football field from the locker room;[176] The Varsity Walk, a walkway between the Cathedral of Learning and Heinz Memorial Chapel, is carved each year the names of former Pitt athletes (each year since 1950) who have promoted the University through their athletic (Panther Award) or academic (Blue-Gold Award) achievements.[177]

"Greek Week" is a yearlong initiative for the Greek organizations on campus to raise money for different charitable organizations through different events. The two biggest events each year are the Pitt Dance Marathon and Greek Sing. Yearlong fundraising activities are also held to support such charitable organizations such as the Ronald McDonald House, Make a Wish Foundation, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, and the Pittsburgh Food Bank.[178] "E-Week" is a spring celebration organized by the Engineer Student Council for a week-long series of activities and competitions to demonstrate engineering skills and foster a spirit of camaraderie. Activities include games such as Monopoly, Ingenuity, Jeopardy, Assassins, and include a talent show, relay race, mini-Olympics, and blood drive. The festivities reach climax with a parade on Friday, a soapbox derby on Saturday, and the "e-ball finale" on Saturday evening. Each year, a unique theme is chosen. Each engineering department competes against the others, while some smaller departments join forces.[179][180]

Pitt Arts

Pitt's Stephen Foster Memorial contains two theaters.

Pitt Arts is a program founded by the University in 1997 to encourage students to explore and connect to the art and cultural opportunities of the City of Pittsburgh via three programs. Art Encounters provides trips to arts events for undergrads that include free tickets, transportation, a catered reception, and encounters with international artists and thinkers. Free Visits grants undergrad and grad students free admission using their Pitt IDs to the Carnegie Museum of Art, Carnegie Museum of Natural History, Senator John Heinz History Center, Phipps Conservatory, Mattress Factory, and the Andy Warhol Museum.[181][182]

Student theater

Various student theater groups convene at Pitt. University of Pittsburgh Stages is the production company of the Department of Theatre Arts which puts public student performances of classic masterpieces, contemporary productions, and student-directed labs. It also runs the Shakespeare-in-the-Schools which tours classic theater for K-12 students throughout the Pittsburgh area.[183] Friday Nite Improvs, Pittsburgh's longest-running theatre show, was started in 1989 by graduate theatre students. It takes place weekly inside the Cathedral of Learning's studio theatre.[184] The Redeye Theatre Project is a festival of one-act plays cast, written, and rehearsed in 24 hours.[185] Additionally, Pitt Musical Theater Club provides undergraduates the opportunity to perform in student directed variety shows and musicals. The club was founded in 2009.[186]

Student music

The Music Building once served as home to the original studio for Mr. Rogers' Neighborhood.

The Pitt Men's Glee Club, founded in 1890, is the oldest extracurricular club on campus.[187] The club includes both undergraduate and graduate students from throughout the university. Traditionally, the Glee Club has sung for a variety of campus-wide and community functions, including graduations, receptions, alumni gatherings, sporting events, and chancellor's events. The Glee Club has also participated in national Collegiate Men's Choir festivals and international tours and music festivals in both the United States and Europe.[187] Heinz Chapel Choir is an accomplished and internationally known[188] a cappella choir consisting entirely of Pitt students that has been performing for over 70 years.[189] The University of Pittsburgh Women's Choral Ensemble, founded in 2011, is open to all women of the University including undergraduates, graduate students, and staff. The ensemble leads the traditional lamplighter processional each fall and performs repertory ranging from traditional sacred and secular classics to international folk songs, popular music, and show tunes.[190] Pitt Pendulums, founded in 1996, is a co-ed a cappella group, the oldest a cappella group on campus. Other a cappella groups on campus include C Flat Run, a co-ed group, Pittch Please, an all-male group, Pitches and Tones, a co-ed group, The Songburghs, a co-ed group, and Sounds Like Treble, an all-female group, among others. All groups on campus regularly perform in various on and off-campus functions and are regular competitors in the ICCA's, the International Championship of Collegiate A Cappella. Pittch Please recently achieved the best result of a Pitt group in the ICCA's, taking first place at the Great Lakes Quarterfinals in 2015.[191] Carpathian Ensemble, founded within the Department of music in 1786, the ensemble performs Gypsy, Klezmer, Armenian, Moldavian, Ukrainian, and Macedonian music.[192] The University Gamelan, established in 1995, is the largest Sundanese gamelan program in the U.S. and has sponsored an artist-in-residency program each year since 1998.[193]

University of Pittsburgh Orchestra performs several concerts and consists of music students, students from the University at large, faculty, staff, and members of the metropolitan community. The orchestra performs not only works of the standard art music literature, but also new works of student composers.[194] Pitt Jazz Ensemble, founded in 1969 by saxophonist Dr. Davis, has performed internationally.[195] Pitt African Music and Dance Ensemble, founded in 1983 by a Ghanaian ethnomusicologist Dr. Willie O. Anku, specializes in music and dances from Africa. Under the direction of J. S. Kofi Gbolonyo, it presents a range of African artistic expressions including music, dance, drama and visual arts.[196] Pitt Band, founded in 1911, is the varsity marching band of the University of Pittsburgh and performs at various athletic and other University events.[197]

Student media

Student media and other organizations are largely headquartered within the William Pitt Union, seen here with the Millennium Panther

Student organizations

There are over 350 student clubs and organizations at the University of Pittsburgh. all sizes and covering all manner of interests.[208] Some of the larger ones are:

Litchfield Towers and David Lawrence Hall (right)

Greek life

Hillman Library

There are 39 fraternities and sororities on the campus. As of 2008, the University of Pittsburgh Greek system raised $285,000 for the University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute. The effort was part of the Pittsburgh Greek system's five-year pledge to raise $500,000 for the cancer center.[178] They are currently participating in a three-year pledge to raise money for the Cystic Fibrosis Foundation.

Fraternities Sororities

Annual Greek life events

Athletics

Main article: Pittsburgh Panthers
Cheering on the Pitt football team has traditionally been one of the most celebrated activities at the university, as depicted in this cover art from a 1915 game program.

The University of Pittsburgh's athletic teams, referred to as the "Pittsburgh Panthers" or "Pitt Panthers," include 19 university-sponsored varsity teams at the highest level of competitive collegiate athletics in the United States: the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) Division I (NCAA Division 1 Football Bowl Subdivision (FBS) for american football).[227]

Varsity men's sports sponsored by the university are baseball, basketball, cross country, football, soccer, swimming and diving, indoor track and field, outdoor track and field, and wrestling; while sponsored women's varsity sports include basketball, cross country, gymnastics, soccer, softball, swimming and diving, tennis, indoor track and field, outdoor track and field, and volleyball.[228] All varsity sports teams compete as members of the Atlantic Coast Conference (ACC) since the 2013-14 season, with the exception of the gymnastics team competing in the East Atlantic Gymnastics League (EAGL).[229] The university also maintains membership in the Eastern College Athletic Conference (ECAC).[230]

Scholastically, during 2012 calendar year, out of approximately 450 Pitt varsity student athletes, 350 had term grade point averages exceeding 3.0, including 16 that had a perfect average of 4.0, and 174 were named Big East Conference Academic All-Stars or placed on the all-academic Big East football team.[231]

There are also approximately 28 additional athletic teams that compete at the non-varsity club sports level.[232]

Pitt's highest-profile athletic programs, American football and men's basketball, are consistently competitive. Pitt has been regularly ranked as having one of the best combinations of football and basketball programs by multiple sports media outlets,[233][234] including CBS Sports,[235] ESPN,[236] and Sports Illustrated.[237]

In the fall of 1909, the University of Pittsburgh was the first college or university to adopt the panther (Puma concolor) as its mascot.[35] Popular as photo sites, there are ten representations of Panthers in and about Pitt's campus, and ten more painted fiberglass panthers placed around the campus by the Pitt Student Government. These fiberglass panther structures are given to a campus group for a year and painted by the group to reflect their interests.[238] The oldest representations are four panthers that guard each corner of the Panther Hollow bridge.[239] Other Oakland locations include both inside and in front of the William Pitt Union,[240][241] outside the Petersen Events Center,[242] "Pitt the Panther" on the carousel in Schenley Plaza,[243] the Panther head fountain on the front of the Cathedral of Learning, and the Pitt Panther statue outside Heinz Field on Pittsburgh's North Side.[244]

Football

Heinz Field, home of Pitt football

Traditionally the most popular sport at the University of Pittsburgh, football has been played at the highest levels at the University since 1890. During the more than 100 years of competitive football at Pitt, the University has helped pioneer the sport by, among other things, instituting the use of numbers on jerseys[245] and desegregating the Sugar Bowl. Some of college football's all-time greatest coaches and players have plied their trade at Pitt, including Pop Warner, Jock Sutherland, Marshall Goldberg, Joe Schmidt, Mike Ditka, Tony Dorsett, Hugh Green, Mark May, Dan Marino, Bill Fralic, Curtis Martin, Darrelle Revis, Russ Grimm, LeSean McCoy and Larry Fitzgerald. Among the top schools in terms of all-time wins, Pitt teams have claimed nine National Championships[246] and boast 88 players that have been chosen as first-team All-Americans.[247]

Basketball

Pitt basketball in the Petersen Events Center

Pitt first sponsored varsity men's basketball in 1905 and became an early national power after winning two Helms Foundation National Championships in 1927–28 and 1929–30. Those teams, coached by the innovative and legendary Naismith Hall of Fame inductee "Doc" Carlson, were led by National Player of the Year and Hall of Famer Charlie Hyatt. Following a Final Four appearance in 1941, Pitt appeared in a handful of NCAA tournaments throughout the 1950s, 1960s, and 1970s, including an Elite Eight appearance in 1974 led by All-American Billy Knight. Pitt joined the Big East Conference in 1982, and by the end of the decade had secured a pair of Big East regular season championships led by All-Americans Charles Smith and Jerome Lane. In the 2000s (decade), led by coach Jamie Dixon, an era of consistent national and conference competitiveness has been achieved, including reaching the number one ranking in various national polls. Since 2002, Pitt has appeared in eleven NCAA tournaments advancing to five Sweet Sixteens and an Elite Eight. During this time, prior to joining the Atlantic Coast Conference in 2013, Pitt and has won three Big East regular season championships, two Big East Tournament Championships, and has advanced to six Big East Tournament Championship games.[248]

The Pittsburgh Panthers women's varsity basketball program started during the 1914–1915 school year and lasted until 1927 before going on hiatus until 1970. Pitt's women's team has posted several NCAA, NWIT, and EAIAW tournament appearances. Led head coach Agnus Berenato, Pitt has played in post-season tournaments each of the last five seasons, including three NCAA Tournaments appearances where it advanced to the Sweet Sixteen in 2008 and 2009.[249]

Olympic sports

The current Panther logo is a stylized panther head introduced in 1997 designed to suggest that it was cut by a welding torch from steel.

Pitt has a long history of success in other intercollegiate athletic events. In Track and Field, Pitt has produced several Olympic and NCAA champions such as 800 m Olympic gold medalist John Woodruff, two-time 110 m hurdle Olympic gold medalist Roger Kingdom, and seven-time NCAA champion and 2005 World Champion triple jumper Trecia-Kaye Smith.[250] The wrestling program has a rich history and is among the leaders in producing individual national champions with 16.[251] Pitt's women's volleyball team, one of the winningest program in the nation,[252] won 11 conference championships while a member of the Big East, and appeared in 11 NCAA tournaments since the program began in 1974.[253] Pitt's swimming and diving teams have produced several Olympians and won 19 men's and nine women's Big East Championships while a member of that conference. Pitt women's gymnastics is a regular qualifier for the NCAA Northeast Regional Championship.[254] Baseball, Pitt's oldest varsity sport, has produced several major league players and has reached the national 25 repeatedly, including in 2013.[255] Other varsity sports have also competed at national and conference championships and include cross country, soccer, softball, and tennis.[228][256]

Support groups

The University of Pittsburgh Varsity Marching Band was founded in 1911 and performs at athletic and other events. The Pitt cheerleading squad has won multiple cheerleading national championships, including three straight from 1992 to 1994. The Pitt dance team also has been competitive in national competitions.[257][258]

People

Faculty

Alumni Hall

University faculty have been pioneers in such fields as astronomy (John Brashear), aviation (Samuel Pierpont Langley), virology (Jonas Salk), and psychology (Benjamin Spock), in addition to being given popular titles such as the Father of Radio Broadcasting (Reginald Fessenden), the Father of Project Management (David I. Cleland), the Father of CPR (Peter Safar), and the Father of Organ Transplantation (Thomas Starzl).

In addition to faculty, there have been 31 university heads for the University of Pittsburgh. Beginning in the institution's academy days, the head of the school was referred to as Principal, a title that was retained until 1872 when it was changed to Chancellor by an alteration to the university's charter. This title of Chancellor has lasted except for a brief change during Wesley Posvar's administration when it was transiently switched to President.[259]

Alumni

Three Pitt alumni have been awarded the Nobel Prize: Paul Lauterbur '62 for his work in magnetic resonance imaging,[260] Philip Hench '20 for discovery of the hormone cortisone,[261] and Wangari Maathai '66 for founding the Green Belt Movement.[262] Other alumni have also been pioneers in their respective fields, including John Wistar Simpson '41, a pioneer in nuclear energy,[263] and Vladimir Zworykin '26, who has been regarded as the "father of television".[264] National Medal of Science winners include Bert W. O'Malley '59 & '63, a pioneer in steroid hormones,[265] and Herbert Boyer '63, Genentech founder and biotech pioneer;[266] while Leonard Baker '52[267] and Michael Chabon '84[268] have won the Pulitzer Prize. Other notable people include Ken Wahlster, founder and CEO of BikeBandit.

Pitt alumni who have excelled in professional sports include Pro Football Hall of Fame inductees Dan Marino '83,[269] Mike Ditka '61,[270] and Tony Dorsett '77.[271] Basketball Hall of Fame inductees include pioneering coach Clifford Carlson '18 & '20[272] while others, such as John Woodruff '39 and Roger Kingdom '02, have won Olympic gold.[273]

References and notes

  1. ↑ "PA Higher/Adult Ed.: State-Related Universities". Pennsylvania Department of Education. April 3, 2008. Retrieved July 6, 2008.
  2. ↑ As of June 30, 2015. "U.S. and Canadian Institutions Listed by Fiscal Year (FY) 2015 Endowment Market Value and Change in Endowment Market Value from FY 2014 to FY 2015" (PDF). National Association of College and University Business Officers and Commonfund Institute. 2016.
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 "University of Pittsburgh Fact Book 2015" (PDF). Pittsburgh, PA: University of Pittsburgh. 2015. Retrieved September 23, 2015.
  4. ↑ This figure reflects the total number of faculty at the Pittsburgh campus only. 391 additional faculty serve the four regional campuses for a university-wide total of 5,271 faculty members.
  5. 1 2 This enrollment figure reflects the total headcount of full-time and part-time undergraduate and graduate students attending classes at the University of Pittsburgh-Pittsburgh Campus in Fall 2014 only. An additional 6,317 full-time and part-time undergraduate students attend the university across the four regional campuses for a university-wide headcount of 34,934 total students, 24,217 of which are undergraduates.
  6. ↑ "Graphic Standards | University of Pittsburgh" (PDF). Communications.pitt.edu. Retrieved 2015-06-05.
  7. ↑ "PHMC Historical Markers Search" (Searchable database). Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission. Commonwealth of Pennsylvania. Retrieved 2014-01-25.
  8. 1 2 "Institution 2013: Ranking Tables of National Institutes of Health (NIH) Award Data 2013" (Excel spreadsheet). Blue Ridge Institute for Medical Research. October 21, 2014. Retrieved December 7, 2014.
  9. ↑ "University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine". http://www.gradbiomed.pitt.edu/. External link in |website= (help);
  10. 1 2 Capaldi, Elizabeth D.; Lombardi, John V.; Abbey, Craig W.; Craig, Diane D., eds. (2010). "The Top American Research Universities: 2009 Annual Report" (PDF). Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ: The Center for Measuring University Performance. pp. 8 & 16. Retrieved May 4, 2010.
  11. 1 2 "U.S. News Best Colleges Rankings". U.S. News & World Report. 2016. Retrieved October 16, 2015.
  12. 1 2 "Academic Ranking of World Universities 2015". ShanghaiRanking Consultancy. Retrieved October 16, 2015.
  13. ↑ "Top 200: The Times Higher Education World University Rankings 2010–2011". Times Higher Education. 2011. Retrieved June 26, 2011.
  14. 1 2 "Global universities ranking: The 1st hundred" (PDF). Global University Ranking. 2009. Retrieved August 24, 2009.
  15. 1 2 3 "HEEACT 2009 Ranking Top 100". Higher Education Evaluation & Accreditation Council of Taiwan (HEEACT). 2009.
  16. 1 2 "Kiplinger's Best Values in Public Colleges". Kiplinger.com. January 2011. Retrieved January 19, 2011.
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  18. 1 2 Upon joining the Commonwealth System of Higher Education in 1966, the University of Pittsburgh legally remained a private entity and in practice, retained the administrative and academic freedom of a private institution. It sets its own standards for student admission and retention, faculty, and teaching. Its assets remain in the hands of the corporation, its employees are employed by the corporation, and its affairs are governed by an independent Board of Trustees.A In-state tuition is subsidized by the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania and the state provides approximately 11% of its operating budget.B The University of Pittsburgh is categorized as a public university in the Carnegie Foundation ClassificationsC and is typically listed as a public university in third party publications.D For simplicity, Pitt sometimes refers to itself a "public university". :AAlberts, Robert C. (1986). Pitt: The Story of the University of Pittsburgh 1787–1987. University of Pittsburgh Press. p. 343. ISBN 0-8229-1150-7. :B"University of Pittsburgh Trustees Approve 2008–09 Budget, Set Tuition Rates". University of Pittsburgh: News From Pitt. July 10, 2008. Retrieved September 25, 2014. :C"Classifications: University of Pittsburgh-Main Campus". The Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching. Retrieved July 15, 2008. :D"Best Colleges Overview: University of Pittsburgh". USNews.com. Retrieved September 6, 2009.
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  22. ↑ Starrett, Agnes Lynch (1937). Through one hundred and fifty years: the University of Pittsburgh. Pittsburgh, PA: University of Pittsburgh Press. p. 26.
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  24. 1 2 3 4 "The Owl". University of Pittsburgh. 1910. p. 7. Retrieved April 28, 2008.
  25. 1 2 3 4 Alberts, Robert C. (1986). Pitt: the story of the University of Pittsburgh, 1787–1987. University of Pittsburgh Press. Retrieved April 28, 2008.
  26. ↑ Dahlinger, Charles W. "Rev. John Taylor: the first rector of Trinity Episcopal Church of Pittsburgh and his commonplace book". p. 10. Retrieved April 28, 2008.
  27. ↑ Starrett, Agnes Lynch (1937). Through One Hundred and Fifty Years: The University of Pittsburgh. Pittsburgh, PA: University of Pittsburgh Press. p. 66. Retrieved November 5, 2009.
  28. ↑ "The Celebration of the One Hundred and Twenty-Fifth Anniversary: History of the University". University of Pittsburgh Bulletin 8 (21): 4–5. November 1, 1912. Retrieved January 20, 2010.
  29. 1 2 Alberts, Robert C. (1987). Pitt: The Story of the University of Pittsburgh 1787–1987. University of Pittsburgh Press. p. 17. ISBN 0-8229-1150-7.
  30. ↑ "Pitt History – 1893: William Hunter Dammond". University of Pittsburgh. Retrieved April 28, 2008.
  31. ↑ "Pitt History – 1898: Margaret and Stella Stein". University of Pittsburgh. Retrieved April 28, 2008.
  32. ↑ "Pitt History – 1906: Reginald Fessenden". University of Pittsburgh. Retrieved April 28, 2008.
  33. ↑ "The Owl". Western University of Pennsylvania. p. 10. Retrieved April 28, 2008.
  34. ↑ Alberts, Robert C (1986). Pitt: the story of the University of Pittsburgh, 1787–1987. University of Pittsburgh Press. pp. 60–61. ISBN 0-8229-1150-7.
  35. 1 2 "The Panther". Pittsburgh Panthers. Retrieved April 28, 2008.
  36. ↑ Alberts, Robert C. (1987). Pitt: The Story of the University of Pittsburgh 1787–1987. University of Pittsburgh Press. p. 63. ISBN 0-8229-1150-7.
  37. ↑ "The Nationality Rooms – rooms in planning". Pitt.edu. Retrieved September 13, 2011.
  38. ↑ "Remembering Polio: Celebrating the 50th Anniversary of the Salk Polio Vaccine". University of Pittsburgh. Retrieved April 28, 2008.
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  44. 1 2 "PENNSYLVANIA – Allegheny County – Historic Districts". National Register of Historic Places. Retrieved April 28, 2008.
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  67. ↑ "Pitt Honors College Receives 4,700 Acres of Wyoming Land Teeming With Dinosaur Fossils". Pitt Chronicle. University of Pittsburgh. January 30, 2006. Retrieved April 30, 2008.
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