Phi-hiding assumption

The phi-hiding assumption or Φ-hiding assumption is an assumption about the difficulty of finding small factors of φ(m) where m is a number whose factorization is unknown, and φ is Euler's totient function. The security of many modern cryptosystems comes from the perceived difficulty of certain problems. Since P vs. NP problem is still unresolved, cryptographers cannot be sure computationally intractable problems exist. Cryptographers thus make assumptions as to which problems are hard. It is commonly believed that if m is the product of two large primes, then calculating φ(m) is currently computationally infeasible; this assumption is required for the security of the RSA Cryptosystem. The Φ-Hiding assumption is a stronger assumption, namely that if p₁ and p₂ are small primes exactly one of which divides φ(m), there is no polynomial-time algorithm which can distinguish which of the primes p₁ and p₂ divides φ(m) with probability significantly greater than one-half.

This assumption was first stated in the 1999 paper Computationally Private Information Retrieval with Polylogarithmic Communication.^[1]

Applications

The Phi-hiding assumption has found applications in the construction of a few cryptographic primitives. Some of the constructions include:

• Computationally Private Information Retrieval with Polylogarithmic Communication (1999)
• Efficient Private Bidding and Auctions with an Oblivious Third Party (1999)
• Single-Database Private Information Retrieval with Constant Communication Rate (2005)
• Password authenticated key exchange using hidden smooth subgroups (2005)

See also

• Computational hardness assumptions

References

1. Cachin, Christian; Micali, Silvio; Stadler, Markus (1999). Stern, Jacques, ed. "Computationally Private Information Retrieval with Polylogarithmic Communication". Lecture Notes in Computer Science (Springer) 1592: 402–414. doi:10.1007/3-540-48910-X.