Phoma
| Phoma | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Phoma exigua spores | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Fungi |
| Division: | Ascomycota |
| Class: | Dothideomycetes |
| Subclass: | Pleosporomycetidae |
| Order: | Pleosporales |
| Family: | Incertae sedis |
| Genus: | Phoma (Saccardo, 1880)[1] |
| Type species | |
| Phoma herbarum | |
Phoma is a genus of common coelomycetous soil fungi. It contains many plant pathogenic species.
Description
Spores are colorless and unicellular. The pycnidia are black and depressed in the tissues of the host. Phoma is arbitrarily limited to those species in which the spores are less than 15 µm as the larger spored forms have been placed in the genus Macrophoma. The most important species include Phoma beta which is the cause of the heart rot and blight of beets, Phoma batata that produces a dry rot of sweet potato, and Phoma solani. [2]
Taxonomy
About 140 Phoma taxa have been defined and recognized[3] which may be divided into two large groups: (i) plurivorous fungi, generally saprobic or weakly parasitic, mainly from temperate regions in Eurasia, but occasionally also found in other parts of the world (including areas with cool or warm climates); and (ii) specific pathogens of cultivated plants.[4] However other estimates place the number of taxa closer to 3000, making it one of the largest fungal genera.(Avescamp 2010)
Traditionally nine sections (Phoma, Heterospora, Macrospora, Paraphoma, Peyronellaea, Phyllostictoides, Pilosa, Plenodomus and Sclerophomella) as described by Boerema (1997) have been recognised on morphological grounds. The number of taxa in each section varied widely, from 2 (Pilosa) to 70 (Phoma). Section Phoma itself was considered incertae sedis.(Aveskamp 2010)
However phylogenetic studies suggest the genus is highly polyphyletic containing six distinct clades. Furthermore taxa identified as Phoma have been identified across several different families within Pleosporales, but most within Didymellaceae (type genus Didymella). Furthermore the Didymellaceae segregate into 18 clusters allowing many taxa to be distributed into separate genera.(Aveskamp 2010)
Consequently there is little justification for retaining the sections, a number of which such as Peyronellaea are now elevated to genus rank, within Didymellaceae. (Avescamp 2010)
Species
Species include:
- Phoma caricae-papayae
- Phoma clematidina
- Phoma costaricensis
- Phoma cucurbitacearum
- Phoma destructiva
- Phoma draconis
- Phoma eupyrena
- Phoma exigua
- Phoma glomerata
- Phoma glycinicola
- Phoma herbarum
- Phoma insidiosa
- Phoma medicaginis
- Phoma microspora
- Phoma narcissi
- Phoma nebulosa
- Phoma oncidii-sphacelati
- Phoma pinodella
- Phoma scabra
- Phoma sclerotioides
- Phoma strasseri
- Phoma tracheiphila
References
- ↑ "Integrated Taxonomic Information System" (web). www.itis.gov. Retrieved 2008-01-12.
- ↑ Harshberger, John William (1917). A Text-book of Mycology and Plant Pathology. Original from the University of Michigan: P. Blakiston's son & co. pp. 261–262. January 12, 2008.
- ↑ Kirk PM, Cannon PF, Minter DW, Stalpers JA. (2008). Dictionary of the Fungi. 10th ed. Wallingford: CABI. p. 524. ISBN 0-85199-826-7.
- ↑ Van der Aa HA, Noordeloos ME, de Gruyter J. (1990). Species concepts in some larger genera of the Coelomycetes. Studies in Mycology 32: 3–19.
Bibliography
- Boerema, G. H.; de Gruyter, J.; Noordeloos, M. E.; Hamers, M. E. C. 2004. Phoma Identification Manual: Differentiation of Specific and Infra-specific Taxa in Culture. CABI.
- Aveskamp, M.M.; de Gruyter, J.; Woudenberg, J.H.C.; Verkley, G.J.M.; Crous, P.W. (2010). "Highlights of the Didymellaceae: A polyphasic approach to characterise Phoma and related pleosporalean genera". Studies in Mycology 65: 1–60. doi:10.3114/sim.2010.65.01.
- de Gruyter, J.; Woudenberg, J.H.C.; Aveskamp, M.M.; Verkley, G.J.M.; Groenewald, J.Z.; Crous, P.W. (June 2013). "Redisposition of phoma-like anamorphs in Pleosporales". Studies in Mycology 75: 1–36. doi:10.3114/sim0004.