Phosphomimetics

Example of a phosphomimetic substitution: aspartic acid compared to phospho-serine

Phosphomimetics are amino acid substitutions that mimic a phosphorylated protein, thereby activating (or deactivating) the protein. Within cells, proteins are commonly modified at serine, tyrosine and threonine amino acids by adding a phosphate group. Phosphorylation is a common mode of activating or deactivating a protein as a form of regulation. However some non-phosphorylated amino acids appear chemically similar to phosphorylated amino acids. Therefore, by replacing an amino acid, the protein may maintain a higher level of activity. For example, aspartic acid is chemically similar to phospho-serine. Therefore, when an aspartic acid replaces a serine, it is a phosphomimetic of phospho-serine and can make the protein always in its phosphorylated form.

Applications

This chemical similarity can be exploited in cancer, where a protein may mutate into an "always on" (constituitively active) state. A mutation may occur to replace a tyrosine (which needs to be phosphorylated in order to activate the protein) with an aspartic acid (which would not need to be phosphorylated). In a laboratory setting, the use of recombinant proteins to artificially introduce phosphomimetics is a common tool for studying phosphorylation and protein activation. For example, the IRF3 protein must be phosphorylated for its normal activity (transcription of its target genes, like IFNβ), but when serine amino acid residues were mutated to aspartic acid, the activity increased 90-fold.^[1] Another study found that using phosphomimetic amino acids in PEDF prevented tumor growth by inhibiting angiogenesis and inducing cell death in tumors.^[2] Phosphomimetics are commonly used in a gain of function experiment with respect to phosphorylation.

References

1. Hiscott J, Pitha P, Genin P, Nguyen H, Heylbroeck C, Mamane Y, Algarte M, Lin R (Jan 1999). "Triggering the interferon response: the role of IRF-3 transcription factor.". J Interferon Cytokine Res 19 (1): 1–13. doi:10.1089/107999099314360. PMID 10048763.
2. Konson A, Pradeep S, D'Acunto CW, Seger R (Feb 2011). "Pigment epithelium-derived factor and its phosphomimetic mutant induce JNK-dependent apoptosis and p38-mediated migration arrest". J Biol Chem 286 (5): 3540–51. doi:10.1074/jbc.M110.151548. PMC 3030359. PMID 21059648.