Phosphor thermometry

Phosphor thermometry is an optical method for surface temperature measurement. The method exploits luminescence emitted by phosphor material. Phosphors are fine white or pastel-colored inorganic powders which may be stimulated by any of a variety of means to luminesce, i.e. emit light. Certain characteristics of the emitted light change with temperature, including brightness, color, and afterglow duration. The latter is most commonly used for temperature measurement.

Time dependence of luminescence

Decay for three different temperatures.

Phase difference between LED output and luminescence.

Typically a short duration ultraviolet lamp or laser source illuminates the phosphor coating which in turn luminesces visibly. When the illuminating source ceases, the luminescence will persist for a characteristic time, steadily decreasing. The time required for the brightness to decrease to 1/e of its original value is known as the decay time or lifetime and signified as $\tau$. It is a function of temperature, T.

The intensity, I of the luminescence commonly decays exponentially as:

$\!\, I=I_{o}e^{\frac{-t}{\tau}}$

Where I₀ is the initial intensity (or amplitude).

The method is also referred to as fluorescence thermometry since it is also the case that similar materials in the form of glass, crystals, or even optical fibers will fluoresce and may be used as temperature sensors. Fiberoptic amplifiers are based on optical fibers doped with rare earths. Such fibers are useful for temperature measurement.

If the excitation source is periodic rather than pulsed, then the time response of the luminescence is correspondingly different. For instance, there is a phase difference between a sinusoidally varying light emitting diode (LED) signal of frequency f and the fluorescence that results (see figure). The phase difference varies with decay time and hence temperature as:

$\!\, \phi=tan(2 {\pi} f {\tau})$

Temperature dependence of emission lines: intensity ratio

The second method of temperature detection is based on intensity ratios of two separate emission lines; the change in coating temperature is reflected by the change of the phosphorescence spectrum.^[1][2] This method enables surface temperature distributions to be measured.^[3] The intensity ratio method has the advantage that polluted optics has little effect on the measurement as it compares ratios between emission lines. The emission lines are equally affected by 'dirty' surfaces or optics.

Temperature dependence

Representative temperature dependenced of the decay time. Note that they may slightly change depending on the fabrication process and the level of impurities.

Several observations are pertinent to the figure on the right:

• Oxysulfide materials exhibit several different emission lines, each having a different temperature dependence. Substituting one rare-earth for another, in this instance changing La to Gd, shifts the temperature dependence.
• The YAG:Cr material (Y₃Al₅O₁₂:Cr³⁺) shows less sensitivity but covers a wider temperature range than the more sensitive materials.
• Sometime decay times are constant over a wide range before becoming temperature dependent at some threshold value. This is illustrated for the YVO₄:Dy curve; it also holds for several other materials (not shown in the figure). Manufacturers sometimes add a second rare earth as a sensitizer. This may enhance the emission and alter the nature of the temperature dependence. Also, gallium is sometimes substituted for some of the aluminium in YAG, also altering the temperature dependence.
• The emission decay of dysprosium (Dy) phosphors is sometimes non-exponential with time. Consequently, the value assigned to decay time will depend on the analysis method chosen. This non-exponential character often becomes more pronounced as the dopant concentration increases.
• In the high-temperature part, the two lutetium phosphate samples are single crystals rather than powders. This has minor effect on decay time and its temperature dependence though. However, the decay time of a given phosphor depends on the particle size, especially below one micrometer.

There are further parameters influencing the luminescence of thermographic phosphors, e.g. the excitation energy, the dopant concentration or the composition or the absolute pressure of the surrounding gas phase. Therefore, care has to be taken in order to keep constant these parameters for all measurements.

Thermographic phosphor application in a thermal barrier coating

A thermal barrier coating (TBC) allows gas turbine components to survive higher temperatures in the hot section of engines, while having acceptable life times. These coatings are thin ceramic coatings (several hundred micrometers) usually based on oxide materials.

Early works considered the integration of luminescent materials as erosion sensors in TBCs.^[4] The notion of a "thermal barrier sensor coating" (sensor TBC) for temperature detection was introduced in 1998. Instead of applying a phosphor layer on the surface where the temperature needs to be measured, it was proposed to locally modify the composition of the TBC so that it acts as a thermographic phosphor as well as a protective thermal barrier. This dual functional material enables surface temperature measurement but also could provide a means to measure temperature within the TBC and at the metal/topcoat interface, hence enabling the manufacturing of an integrated heat flux gauge.^[5] First results on yttria-stabilized zirconia co-doped with europia (YSZ:Eu) powders were published in 2000.^[6] They also demonstrated sub-surface measurements looking through a 50 μm undoped YSZ layer and detecting the phosphorescence of a thin (10 µm) YSZ:Eu layer (bi-layer system) underneath using the ESAVD technique to produce the coating.^[7] The first results on electron beam physical vapour deposition of TBCs were published in 2001.^[8] The coating tested was a monolayer coating of standard YSZ co-doped with dysprosia (YSZ:Dy). First work on industrial atmospheric plasma sprayed (APS) sensor coating systems commenced around 2002 and was published in 2005.^[9] They demonstrated the capabilities of APS sensor coatings for in-situ two-dimensional temperature measurements in burner rigs using a high speed camera system.^[10] Further, temperature measurement capabilities of APS sensor coatings were demonstrated beyond 1400 °C.^[11] Results on multilayer sensing TBCs, enabling simultaneous temperature measurements below and on the surface of the coating, were reported. Such a multilayer coating could also be used as a heat flux gauge in order to monitor the thermal gradient and also to determine the heat flux through the thickness of the TBC under realistic service conditions.^[12]

Applications for thermographic phosphors in TBCs

While the previously mentioned methods are focusing on the temperature detection, the inclusion of phosphorescent materials into the thermal barrier coating can also work as a micro probe to detect the aging mechanisms or changes to other physical parameters that affect the local atomic surroundings of the optical active ion.^[5][13] Detection was demonstrated of hot corrosion processes in YSZ due to vanadium attack.^[14]

Videos: application of thermographic phosphors

Phosphorescence sensor coating for online temperature detection

See also

• Fluorescence
• Luminescence
• Photoluminescence
• Thermometer
• Thermometry

References

1. J. P. Feist and A. L. Heyes (2000). "The characterization of Y2O2S:Sm powder as a thermographic phosphor for high temperature applications". Measurement Science and Technology 11 (7): 942–947. Bibcode:2000MeScT..11..942F. doi:10.1088/0957-0233/11/7/310.
2. L. P. Goss, A. A. Smith and M. E. Post (1989). "Surface thermometry by laser-induced fluorescence". Review of Scientific Instruments 60 (12): 3702–3706. Bibcode:1989RScI...60.3702G. doi:10.1063/1.1140478.
3. J. P. Feist, A. L. Heyes and S. Seefeldt (2003). "Thermographic phosphor thermometry for film cooling studies in gas turbine combustors". Journal of Power and Energy 217: 193–200. doi:10.1243/09576500360611227.
4. K. Amano, H. Takeda, T. Suzuki, M. Tamatani, M. Itoh and Y. Takahashi (1987), "Thermal barrier coating" U.S. Patent 4,774,150
5. K-L. Choy, A. L. Heyes and J. Feist (1998), "Thermal barrier coating with thermoluminescent indicator material embedded therein" U.S. Patent 6,974,641
6. J. P. Feist and A. L. Heyes (2000). "Europium-doped yttria-stabilized zirconia for high-temperature phosphor thermometry". Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers. 214, Part L: 7–11.
7. K-L. Choy, J. P. Feist, A. L. Heyes and B. Su (1999). "Eu-doped Y2O3 phosphor films produced by electrostatic-assisted chemical vapor deposition". Journal of Materials Research 14 (7): 3111–3114. Bibcode:1999JMatR..14.3111C. doi:10.1557/JMR.1999.0417.
8. J. P. Feist, A. L. Heyes and J. R. Nicholls (2001). "Phosphor thermometry in an electron beam physical vapour deposition produced thermal barrier coating doped with dysprosium". Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers. 215 Part G: 333–340.
9. X. Chen, Z. Mutasim, J. Price, J. P. Feist, A. L. Heyes and S. Seefeldt (2005). "Industrial sensor TBCs: Studies on temperature detection and durability". International Journal of Applied Ceramic Technology 2 (5): 414–421. doi:10.1111/j.1744-7402.2005.02042.x.
10. A. L. Heyes, S. Seefeldt, J. P Feist (2005). "Two-colour thermometry for surface temperature measurement". Optics and Laser Technology 38 (4–6): 257–265. Bibcode:2006OptLT..38..257H. doi:10.1016/j.optlastec.2005.06.012.
11. J. P. Feist, J. R. Nicholls, M. J. Fraser, A. L. Heyes (2006) "Luminescent material compositions and structures incorporating the same" Patent PCT/GB2006/003177
12. R.J.L. Steenbakker, J.P. Feist, R.G. Wellmann, J.R. Nicholls, (2008). "Sensro TBCs: remote in-situ condition monitoring of EB-PVD coatings at elevated temperatures, GT2008-51192". Proceedings of ASME Turbo Expo 2008: Power for Land, Sea and Air, June 9–13, Berlin, Germany.
13. A. M. Srivastava, A. A. Setlur, H. A. Comanzo, J. W. Devitt, J. A. Ruud and L. N. Brewer (2001)"Apparatus for determining past-service conditions and remaining life of thermal barrier coatings and components having such coatings" U.S. Patent 6,730,918B2
14. J. P. Feist and A. L. Heyes (2003) "Coatings and an optical method for detecting corrosion process in coatings" GB. Patent 0318929.7

Further reading

• K. T. V. Grattan, Z. Y. Zhang (1995). Fiber optic fluorescence thermometry. Springer. ISBN 0-412-62470-2.
• S. W. Allison and G. T. Gillies (1997). "Remote thermometry with thermographic phosphors: instrumentation and applications". Review of Scientific Instruments 68 (7): 2615–2650. Bibcode:1997RScI...68.2615A. doi:10.1063/1.1148174.