Photochrom

An 1890s photochrom print of Neuschwanstein Castle, Bavaria, Germany.

Photochrom, sometimes spelled Fotochrom or Photochrome^{[Note 1]} (although this term more often refers to later photographic postcards),^[2] and also called the Aäc process, is a process for producing colorized images from black-and-white photographic negatives via the direct photographic transfer of a negative onto lithographic printing plates. The process is a photographic variant of chromolithography, a broader term that refers to color lithography in general.

History

The process was invented in the 1880s by Hans Jakob Schmid (1856–1924), an employee of the Swiss company Orell Gessner Füssli—a printing firm whose history began in the 16th century.^[3] Füssli founded the stock company Photochrom Zürich (later Photoglob Zürich AG) as the business vehicle for the commercial exploitation of the process and both Füssli^[3] and Photoglob^[4] continue to exist today. From the mid-1890s the process was licensed by other companies, including the Detroit Photographic Company in the US (making it the basis of their "phostint" process),^[5] and the Photochrom Company of London.

The photochrom process was most popular in the 1890s, when true color photography was first developed but was still commercially impractical.

In 1898 the US Congress passed the Private Mailing Card Act which let private publishers produce postcards. These could be mailed for one cent each, while the letter rate was two cents. Publishers created thousands of photochrom prints, usually of cities or landscapes, and sold them as postcards. In this format, photochrom reproductions became popular.^[6] The Detroit Photographic Company reportedly produced as many as seven million photochrom prints in some years, and ten to thirty thousand different views were offered.

After World War One, which ended the craze for collecting Photochrom postcards, the chief use of the process was for posters and art reproductions. The last Photochrom printer operated up to 1970.^[7]

Process

A tablet of lithographic limestone called a "litho stone" was coated with a light-sensitive surface composed of a thin layer of purified bitumen dissolved in benzene. A worker then pressed a reversed half-tone negative against the coating and exposed it to daylight for 10 to 30 minutes in summer, or up to several hours in winter. The image on the negative caused varying amounts of light to fall on different areas of the coating, causing the bitumen to harden in proportion to the amount of light. The worker then used a solvent such as turpentine to remove the unhardened bitumen, and retouched the tonal scale of the chosen color to strengthen or soften tones as required. This resulted in an image being imprinted on the stone in bitumen. Each tint was applied using a separate stone that bore the appropriate retouched image. The finished print was produced using at least six, but more commonly 10 to 15, tint stones.^[7]

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  A photochrom of Mulberry Street in New York City c 1900, which shows the evocative coloration characteristic of the process.

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  A photochrom of Hildesheim town hall in the 1890s, using fewer color plates.

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  Photochrom of the old Shakespeare Memorial Theatre, Stratford-on-Avon, England, c. 1890–1900.

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  A circa-1900 photochrom print of Shelbourne Hotel.

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  A photochrom of Belgian milk peddlers with a dogcart, c. 1890–1900.

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  A photochrom of an elderly Irish woman using a spinning wheel, Co. Galway Ireland, c. 1890s.

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  Entrance to Fingal's Cave, 1900 (Showing a lower tide).

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  HMY Osborne photochrom print, circa 1895

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  Ruins of the Castle of Arques, near Dieppe, France, ca. 1895

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  Bergen, Norway, c. 1890s. Visible are Domkirken in the bottom left side, Korskirken in the middle, the bay (Vågen) and the Bergenhus Fortress to the right of the opening of Vågen.

Notes

1. "Photochrom" (English pronunciation: /ˈfoʊtəˌkroʊm, -toʊ-/^[1]) is the spelling used by the Library of Congress, for historical reasons, in its classification and description of its collection of such images. Variants of the spelling exist, both in English and in German. "Photochrome" is the English spelling used in some contexts, even by the Library of Congress in a few of its image descriptions. "Fotochrom" is the German spelling used today by Orell Füssli, the Swiss company that invented the process.

References

1. "Photochrom". OxfordDictionaries.com. OUP. Retrieved 2016-01-22.
2. "Photochrome (1939-Present)". University of Vermont. Archived from the original on 2008-07-24.
3. "Orell Füssli Company History (in German)". Ofv.ch. Retrieved 2012-06-16.
4. "History / Erfolgsgeschichte" (in German). Retrieved 28 October 2012.
5. "MetropoPostcard Guide to Printing Techniques 5". metropostcard.com.
6. Marc Walter & Sabine Arque, “The World in 1900”, Thames & Hudson, 2007 contains about 300 well-reproduced photochromes from around the world.
7. Hannavy, John (2008). Encyclopedia of Nineteenth-century Photography. CRC Press. pp. 1078–1079. ISBN 0-415-97235-3.

External links

• Description of the Photochrom process
• The Library of Congress Public Domain Photochrom Prints Search
• Search at the Zurich Central Library (holds probably world's largest collection: 7600 of their 10000 prints are accessible online)
• Detroit Photographic Company’s Views of North America, ca. 1897-1924 from the Beinecke Rare Book & Manuscript Library