Photonic molecule

Photonic molecules are a synthetic form of matter in which photons bind together to form "molecules". According to Mikhail Lukin, individual (massless) photons "interact with each other so strongly that they act as though they have mass". The effect is analogous to refraction. The light enters another medium, transferring part of its energy to the medium. Inside the medium, it exists as coupled light and matter, but it exits as light.[1]

Researchers drew analogies between the phenomenon and the fictional "lightsaber" from Star Wars.[1][2]

Construction

Gaseous rubidium atoms were pumped into a vacuum chamber. The cloud was cooled using lasers to just a few degrees above absolute zero. Using weak laser pulses, small numbers of photons were fired into the cloud.[1]

As the photons entered the cloud, their energy excited atoms along their path, causing them to lose speed. Inside the cloud medium the photons dispersively coupled to strongly interacting atoms in highly excited Rydberg states. This caused the photons to behave as massive particles with strong mutual attraction (photon molecules). Eventually the photons exited the cloud together as normal photons (often entangled in pairs).[1]

The effect is caused by a so-called Rydberg blockade, which, in the presence of one excited atom, prevents nearby atoms from being excited to the same degree. In this case, as two photons enter the atomic cloud, the first excites an atom, but must move forward before the second can excite nearby atoms. In effect the two photons push and pull each other through the cloud as their energy is passed from one atom to the next, forcing them to interact. This photonic interaction is mediated by the electromagnetic interaction between photons and atoms.[1]

Possible applications

The interaction of the photons suggests that the effect could be employed to build a system that can preserve quantum information, and process it using quantum logic operations.[1]

The system could also be useful in classical computing, given the much-lower power required to manipulate photons than electrons.[1]

It may be possible to arrange the photonic molecules in such a way within the medium that they form larger three-dimensional structures (similar to crystals).[1]

Interacting microcavities

The term photonic molecule has been also used since 1998 for an unrelated phenomenon involving electromagnetically-interacting optical microcavities. The properties of quantized confined photon states in optical micro- and nanocavities are very similar to those of confined electron states in atoms.[3] Owing to this similarity, optical microcavities can be termed ‘photonic atoms’. Taking this analogy even further, a cluster of several mutually-coupled photonic atoms forms a photonic molecule.[4] When individual photonic atoms are brought into close proximity, their optical modes interact and give rise to a spectrum of hybridized super-modes of photonic molecules.[5]

"A micrometer-sized piece of semiconductor can trap photons inside it in such a way that they act like electrons in an atom. Now the 21 September PRL describes a way to link two of these “photonic atoms” together. The result of such a close relationship is a “photonic molecule,” whose optical modes bear a strong resemblance to the electronic states of a diatomic molecule like hydrogen."[6]

"Photonic molecules, named by analogy with chemical molecules, are clusters of closely located electromagnetically interacting microcavities or “photonic atoms”."[7]

"Optically coupled microcavities have emerged as photonic structures with promising properties for investigation of fundamental science as well as for applications."[8]

The first demonstration of a lithographically-fabricated photonic molecule was inspired by an analogy with a simple diatomic molecule.[9] However, other nature-inspired PM structures (such as ‘photonic benzene’) have been proposed and shown to support confined optical modes closely analogous to the ground-state molecular orbitals of their chemical counterparts.[10]

Photonic molecules offer advantages over isolated photonic atoms in a variety of applications, including bio(chemical) sensing,[11][12] cavity optomechanics,[13][14] and microlasers,[15][16][17][18] Photonic molecules can also be used as quantum simulators of many-body physics and as building blocks of future optical quantum information processing networks.[19]

In complete analogy, clusters of metal nanoparticles - which support confined surface plasmon states - have been termed ‘plasmonic molecules.”[20][21][22][23][24]

Finally, hybrid photonic-plasmonic (or opto-plasmonic) molecules have also been proposed and demonstrated., [25][26][27][28]

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 "Seeing light in a new light: Scientists create never-before-seen form of matter". Sciencedaily.com. Retrieved 2013-09-27.
  2. ↑ Firstenberg, O.; Peyronel, T.; Liang, Q. Y.; Gorshkov, A. V.; Lukin, M. D.; Vuletić, V. (2013). "Attractive photons in a quantum nonlinear medium". Nature. doi:10.1038/nature12512.
  3. ↑ Benson, T. M.; Boriskina, S. V.; Sewell, P.; Vukovic, A.; Greedy, S. C.; Nosich, A. I. (2006). "Micro-Optical Resonators for Microlasers and Integrated Optoelectronics". Frontiers in Planar Lightwave Circuit Technology. NATO Science Series II: Mathematics, Physics and Chemistry 216. p. 39. doi:10.1007/1-4020-4167-5_02. ISBN 1-4020-4164-0.
  4. ↑ Boriskina, S. V. (2010). "Photonic Molecules and Spectral Engineering". Photonic Microresonator Research and Applications. Springer Series in Optical Sciences 156. p. 393. doi:10.1007/978-1-4419-1744-7_16. ISBN 978-1-4419-1743-0.
  5. ↑ Rakovich, Y.; Donegan, J.; Gerlach, M.; Bradley, A.; Connolly, T.; Boland, J.; Gaponik, N.; Rogach, A. (2004). "Fine structure of coupled optical modes in photonic molecules". Physical Review A 70 (5). doi:10.1103/PhysRevA.70.051801.
  6. ↑ doi:10.1103/PhysRevFocus.2.14
  7. ↑ arXiv:0704.2154
  8. ↑ doi:10.1038/lsa.2013.38
  9. ↑ Bayer, M.; Gutbrod, T.; Reithmaier, J.; Forchel, A.; Reinecke, T.; Knipp, P.; Dremin, A.; Kulakovskii, V. (1998). "Optical Modes in Photonic Molecules". Physical Review Letters 81 (12): 2582. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.81.2582.
  10. ↑ Lin, B. (2003). "Variational analysis for photonic molecules: Application to photonic benzene waveguides". Physical Review E 68 (3). doi:10.1103/PhysRevE.68.036611.
  11. ↑ Boriskina, S. V. (2006). "Spectrally engineered photonic molecules as optical sensors with enhanced sensitivity: A proposal and numerical analysis". Journal of the Optical Society of America B 23 (8): 1565. doi:10.1364/JOSAB.23.001565.
  12. ↑ Boriskina, S. V.; Dal Negro, L. (2010). "Self-referenced photonic molecule bio(chemical)sensor". Optics Letters 35 (14): 2496–8. doi:10.1364/OL.35.002496. PMID 20634875.
  13. ↑ Jiang, X.; Lin, Q.; Rosenberg, J.; Vahala, K.; Painter, O. (2009). "High-Q double-disk microcavities for cavity optomechanics". Optics Express 17 (23): 20911–9. doi:10.1364/OE.17.020911. PMID 19997328.
  14. ↑ Hu, Y. W.; Xiao, Y. F.; Liu, Y. C.; Gong, Q. (2013). "Optomechanical sensing with on-chip microcavities". Frontiers of Physics 8 (5): 475. doi:10.1007/s11467-013-0384-y.
  15. ↑ Hara, Y.; Mukaiyama, T.; Takeda, K.; Kuwata-Gonokami, M. (2003). "Photonic molecule lasing". Optics Letters 28 (24): 2437–9. doi:10.1364/OL.28.002437. PMID 14690107.
  16. ↑ Nakagawa, A.; Ishii, S.; Baba, T. (2005). "Photonic molecule laser composed of GaInAsP microdisks". Applied Physics Letters 86 (4): 041112. doi:10.1063/1.1855388.
  17. ↑ Boriskina, S. V. (2006). "Theoretical prediction of a dramatic Q-factor enhancement and degeneracy removal of whispering gallery modes in symmetrical photonic molecules". Optics Letters 31 (3): 338–40. doi:10.1364/OL.31.000338. PMID 16480201.
  18. ↑ Smotrova, E. I.; Nosich, A. I.; Benson, T. M.; Sewell, P. (2006). "Threshold reduction in a cyclic photonic molecule laser composed of identical microdisks with whispering-gallery modes". Optics Letters 31 (7): 921–3. doi:10.1364/OL.31.000921. PMID 16599212.
  19. ↑ Hartmann, M.; Brandão, F.; Plenio, M. (2007). "Effective Spin Systems in Coupled Microcavities". Physical Review Letters 99 (16). doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.99.160501.
  20. ↑ Nordlander, P.; Oubre, C.; Prodan, E.; Li, K.; Stockman, M. I. (2004). "Plasmon Hybridization in Nanoparticle Dimers". Nano Letters 4 (5): 899. doi:10.1021/nl049681c.
  21. ↑ Fan, J. A.; Bao, K.; Wu, C.; Bao, J.; Bardhan, R.; Halas, N. J.; Manoharan, V. N.; Shvets, G.; Nordlander, P.; Capasso, F. (2010). "Fano-like Interference in Self-Assembled Plasmonic Quadrumer Clusters". Nano Letters 10 (11): 4680–5. doi:10.1021/nl1029732. PMID 20923179.
  22. ↑ Liu, N.; Mukherjee, S.; Bao, K.; Brown, L. V.; Dorfmüller, J.; Nordlander, P.; Halas, N. J. (2012). "Magnetic Plasmon Formation and Propagation in Artificial Aromatic Molecules". Nano Letters 12 (1): 364–9. doi:10.1021/nl203641z. PMID 22122612.
  23. ↑ Yan, B.; Boriskina, S. V.; Reinhard, B. R. M. (2011). "Optimizing Gold Nanoparticle Cluster Configurations (n≤ 7) for Array Applications". The Journal of Physical Chemistry C 115 (11): 4578. doi:10.1021/jp112146d.
  24. ↑ Yan, B.; Boriskina, S. V.; Reinhard, B. R. M. (2011). "Design and Implementation of Noble Metal Nanoparticle Cluster Arrays for Plasmon Enhanced Biosensing". The Journal of Physical Chemistry C 115 (50): 24437. doi:10.1021/jp207821t.
  25. ↑ Boriskina, S. V.; Reinhard, B. M. (2011). "Spectrally and spatially configurable superlenses for optoplasmonic nanocircuits". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 108 (8): 3147. doi:10.1073/pnas.1016181108.
  26. ↑ Boriskina, S. V.; Reinhard, B. R. M. (2011). "Adaptive on-chip control of nano-optical fields with optoplasmonic vortex nanogates". Optics Express 19 (22): 22305–15. doi:10.1364/OE.19.022305. PMC 3298770. PMID 22109072.
  27. ↑ Hong, Y.; Pourmand, M.; Boriskina, S. V.; Reinhard, B. R. M. (2013). "Enhanced Light Focusing in Self-Assembled Optoplasmonic Clusters with Subwavelength Dimensions". Advanced Materials 25: 115. doi:10.1002/adma.201202830.
  28. ↑ Ahn, W.; Boriskina, S. V.; Hong, Y.; Reinhard, B. R. M. (2012). "Photonic–Plasmonic Mode Coupling in On-Chip Integrated Optoplasmonic Molecules". ACS Nano 6 (1): 951–60. doi:10.1021/nn204577v. PMID 22148502.

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