Pierre Maillard

Pierre Maillard, Negotiator for the Mi'kmaq, Plaque, St. Mary's Basilica (Halifax), Nova Scotia (He is reported to be buried on the grounds of St. Paul's Church (Halifax))[1]

Abbé Pierre Antoine Simon Maillard (c. 1710 – 12 August 1762) was a French-born Roman Catholic priest. He is noted for his contributions to the creation of a writing system for the Mi'kmaq indigenous people of Île Royale, Cape Breton Island, Canada. He is also credited with helping negotiate a peace treaty between the British and Mi'kmaq people, which resulted in the Burying the Hatchet Ceremony (Nova Scotia). He was the first Catholic priest in Halifax and is buried in the Protestant church yard of St. Paul's Church (Halifax).[2][3][4]

Early Years

Maillard was born in the diocese of Chartres, France around 1710.[5] He received his ecclesiastical training at the Séminaire de Saint-Esprit in Paris. In 1734 the Abbé de L'Isle-Dieu selected Maillard in a group of seminarists lent to the Séminaire des Missions Étrangeres, which was short of personnel. After eight months in that institution, Maillard was selected (1735)[6] for the Mi'kmaq missions on Cape Breton Island (called Île Royale at that time). His recommendation letter stated "he is a young priest who has greatly edified us . . full of zeal and piety."

Maillard arrived at Fortress Louisbourg on the ship Rubis on 13 August 1735.[7][8] He worked extensively with the Mi'kmaq people. He became a witness to,[9] and eventually a reluctant participant in[10] the ongoing struggles between French and British forces for control of the area.

Maillard quickly immersed himself in learning and becoming proficient in the language of the natives. He also devoted himself to missionary work, visiting all the settlements on Île Royale, Île Saint-Jean (now called Prince Edward Island) and English Acadia (now called Nova Scotia). He pleaded for additional assistance from his French superiors, who responded by sending Jean-Louis Le Loutre. The two worked together on developing the written language.

In 1740 Maillard was appointed Bishop of Quebec's vicar-general for Île Royale. In 1742 this position created friction between his superiors and the provincial of the Recollets of Brittany, who wanted his men to be independent of Maillard's control. Maillard took every opportunity to criticize the conduct of those workers; his severity led Duquesnel (Le Prévost) and François Bigot to demand Maillard's recall,[8] but Maillard's superior (Bishop Pontbriand) reached a compromise by dividing the vicar general's powers between Maillard and the superior of the Recollets in Louisbourg. This arrangement continued until 1754, when Bishop Pontbriand confirmed Maillard in his functions as vicar general, which he exercised alone from that point on.

King George's War

Along with Abbe Le Loutre, Maillard was involved in supporting the Mi'kmaq, French and Acadians throughout King George's War. He was present when Annapolis Royal was under siege, and after the fall of Louisbourg in June 1745, Maillard encouraged Micmaq warriors to mount raids against British forces.

In the closing months of 1745 the British captured Maillard and sent him to Boston. From there he was deported to France. However, he quickly (1746) returned to Acadia on with the Duc d'Anville Expedition, which was coordinated with Father Le Loutre. He took active part in military campaigns during the winter of 1746-47 directed by Jean-Baptiste-Nicolas-Roch de Ramezay, such as the Battle of Grand Pre.

Father Le Loutre's War

During Father Le Loutre's War, Maillard encouraged the Mi'kmaq declaration of war against the British. Maillard was involved with resisting the founding of Halifax, Nova Scotia in the summer of 1749.[8] In an attempt to remove his influence from the ongoing events in the area, Halifax Governor Edward Cornwallis tried to persuade Maillard to retire to Minas Basin. In apparent response to this pressure, the French King awarded Maillard an 800 livre annual pension in 1750, and another assistant (the Abbé Jean Manach) was dispatched to assist Maillard with his workload. From his mission on Île de la Sainte-Famille, Maillard continued to incite his Mi'kmaq contacts to a state of war until 1758.

To assist the religious efforts Maillard self-financed construction of buildings (beginning 1754) on Île de la Sainte-Famille (now called Chapel Island) in the south of Grand Lac de La Brador, where his main mission was located (he did receive a reimbursement of 3,000 French livres in March 1757).[8]

French and Indian War

During the French and Indian War, Maillard relocated to Malagomich (now known as Merigomish, Nova Scotia) in order to escape the ever-increasing British presence (1758).[8] He was still there on 26 November 1759, when he and several other French missionaries accepted an offer of peace from British Major Schomberg,[11] In light of this acceptance, French military officer Jean-François Bourdon de Dombourg dispatched an accusatory dossier against the missionaries to the French Governor of the Canadian Territories, who thereupon accused the missionaries of treason and dispatched (spring 1760) a military officer to Restigouche to investigate. To this officer Maillard sent a letter detailing the near-hopeless situation of the Mi'kmaq, in which he opened "by summing up 23 years . . spent in this country in the service of our Religion and our Prince." He had indeed treated for peace with the British because of the hopeless situation, as he tried to explain.

Shortly afterward, Maillard accepted an invitation from Nova Scotia Governor Charles Lawrence to travel to Halifax and assist in pacifying the Mi'kmaq peoples. He became a British official ("Government Agent to the Indians", with an annual salary of £150). He asked for (and received) permission to maintain an oratory at a Halifax battery, where he held Catholic services for Acadians and Mi'kmaqs in the area.[12] In his official capacity Maillard was able to obtain agreement from most of the tribal chiefs to sign peace treaties with the British in Halifax.[13]

Death

Reverend Thomas Wood at St. Paul's Church (Halifax) (1751-1764)[14]

In July 1762 Maillard fell seriously ill. On 12 August he died, attended (at his request) by Anglican clergyman Thomas Wood.[15] Maillard was accorded a State Funeral by the Nova Scotia Governor; his pallbearers included the Council President and the Speaker of the Assembly. The government thus recognized his role in negotiating peace treaties between the Mi'kmaq and the British (see Burying the Hatchet Ceremony (Nova Scotia)), and his forceful personality. He was buried in an unmarked grave in the Saint Paul's Burial Ground.

Reverend Wood wrote of Maillard:

"He was a very sensible, polite, well bred man, an excellent scholar and a good sociable companion, and was much respected by the better sort of people here as it appeared."[8]

Maillard gave all his belongings away prior to his death. Most of his books were donated to recognized collections of the time.[16] His other belongings were bequeathed to Louis Petitpas, his only companion and confidential agent since 1749, and in whose home he lived while in Halifax.[8]

Legacy

As soon as Maillard arrived in Louisbourg, he immersed himself in studying the native language, under the tutelage of his predecessor the Abbé de Saint-Vincent. Having a remarkable talent for languages, he succeeded within a few months in mastering the difficult-to-pronounce oral language, and during the winter of 1737-38[8] perfected a system of hieroglyphics to transcribe Mi'kmaq words. He used these symbols to write formulas for the principal prayers and the responses of the faithful, in the catechism, so his followers might learn them more readily. In this development he was greatly aided by Jean-Louis Le Loutre, another French missionary. Le Loutre marveled at Maillard's achievements in his later reports:

" . . a naturalized Indian as regards language . . [he succeeded in acquiring the gift of rhyming at each member of a sentence, being able to] . . speak Micmac with as much ease and purity as do their women who are the most skilled in this style."[8]

Scholars generally agree that Maillard did not invent the Mi'kmaq hieroglyphics. In 1691 Father Chrétien Le Clercq reported that he had devised a similar method to catechize the Mi'kmaq inhabitants of the Gaspé Peninsula; apparently he had systemized and expanded the Mi'kmaq custom[17] of setting down short messages by using pictograms. There is no direct evidence that Maillard was aware of Le Clercq's work; in any event Maillard's work is outstanding in that he left numerous works in the language, which continued in use among the Mi'kmaq into the 20th century.[18][19]

See also

References

  1. ↑ Plaque placed in memory of Burns. Burns on Maillard
  2. ↑ Collections of the Nova Scotia Historical Society. Vol. 1, p. 44
  3. ↑ Akins reports he is buried in the St Paul's cemetery
  4. ↑ Paris Documents, p. 17
  5. ↑ The Canadian Encyclopedia Online, accessed 4 October 2009
  6. ↑ Leo J. Deveau, Apostle to the Mi'kmaq (20 Jan. 2007), Daniel N. Paul website, accessed 4 October 2009
  7. ↑ Deveau
  8. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Johnson, Micheline D. (1974). "Maillard, Pierre". In Halpenny, Francess G. Dictionary of Canadian Biography. III (1741–1770) (online ed.). University of Toronto Press.
  9. ↑ In his report on the desecration of the Mi'kmaq cemetery near Port-Toulouse perpetrated in 1745 by soldiers from New England, Father Pierre Maillard states the following: 'The burying place of the Savages was demolished, and all the crosses, planted on the graves, broke into a thousand pieces.' Sally Ross & Susan Surette-Draper, Saint-Charles-des-Mines Cemetery in Grand-Pré, accessed 4 October 2009
  10. ↑ During the war of the Austrian Succession, [Maillard] urged the Micmac to support the French cause. He was captured in 1745 and sent to France, but returned in 1746. In 1759 Maillard made peace with the British . . John H. Young, Pierre Maillard The Canadian Encyclopedia
  11. ↑ Maillard described the peace terms offered as "good and reasonable." Dictionary
  12. ↑ These services were held "with great freedom" according to Maillard's report. Dictionary
  13. ↑ The treaties he eventually secured would endure into the 21st century, becoming the legal basis for many important Mi'kmaq land claims. Daniel N. Paul website
  14. ↑ Thomas, C. E. (1979). "Wood, Thomas". In Halpenny, Francess G. Dictionary of Canadian Biography. IV (1771–1800) (online ed.). University of Toronto Press.
  15. ↑ Wood recited the office of the visitation of the sick, in the French language. Dictionary of Canadian Biography
  16. ↑ . . some of which are now held at King's College and the New Brunswick Public Archives. Daniel N Paul website
  17. ↑ Some scholars have attempted to correlate the Mi'kmaq symbols with ancient Egyptian symbols, e.g. Egyptians in Acadia? Science Frontiers Online, No. 88 (July - August 1993) http://www.science-grontiers.com/sf088/sf088a01.htm
  18. ↑ This hieroglyphic script contained more than 5700 different picture letters to speak to their imagination . . he wrote the first Micmac grammar and dictionary, he produced religious handbooks containing prayers, hymns, sermons and forms for celebrating baptisms, marriages and funerals. When the government no longer allowed resident missionaries to work among the people, their chiefs would gather them . . read Fr. Maillard's "sacred text" . . Fr. Pat Fitzpatrick CSSp, Spiritan Missionary News Oct. 1994, accessed 4 October 2009
  19. ↑ As late as 1927 it could be written, "The Micmac book has taken the place of a missionary for nearly a hundred and seventy years". Spiritans

External links

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