Pilgrim Nuclear Generating Station
| Pilgrim Nuclear Power Station | |
|---|---|
.jpg) Pilgrim Nuclear Generating Station | |
  Location of Pilgrim Nuclear Power Station in Massachusetts | |
| Location | Plymouth, MA |
| Coordinates | 41°56.7′N 70°34.7′W / 41.9450°N 70.5783°WCoordinates: 41°56.7′N 70°34.7′W / 41.9450°N 70.5783°W |
| Status | Operational |
| Construction began | Bechtel |
| Commission date | December 9, 1972 |
| Operator(s) | Entergy |
| Nuclear power station | |
| Reactor type | BWR-3 |
| Reactor supplier | General Electric |
| Power generation | |
| Nameplate capacity | 685 MW |
| Annual generation | 5,119 GWh |
|
Website Pilgrim | |
Pilgrim Nuclear Power Station (PNPS) is the only nuclear power plant operating in Massachusetts. It is located in the Manomet section of Plymouth on Cape Cod Bay, south of the tip of Rocky Point and north of Priscilla Beach. Like many similar plants, it was constructed by Bechtel, and is powered by a General Electric BWR 3 boiling water reactor inside of a Mark 1 pressure suppression type containment and generator.[1] It has a 690 MW production capacity. Pilgrim Station produces about 14% of the electricity generated in Massachusetts.[2]
On October 13, 2015, plant owners announced that it would close by June 2019, citing "market conditions and increased costs," which would have included tens of millions of dollars of necessary safety upgrades.[3]
History
Built at a cost of $231 million in 1972 by Boston Edison, it was sold in 1999 to the Louisiana-based Entergy Corporation, part of a complex deal that is the result of deregulation of the electrical utility industry.
On April 11, 1986, a recurring equipment problem forced emergency shutdown of the plant.
Pilgrim keeps its spent nuclear fuel in an on-site storage pool, waiting for federal direction on the correct disposal process. The Yucca Mountain site in Nevada was being considered for this purpose until its deselection in 2009.
Pilgrim's original license to operate would have expired in 2012. In 2006, Entergy filed an application for an extended operating license (until 2032) with the Nuclear Regulatory Commission.[4] In May 2012, the NRC approved the 20-year extension; NRC chairman Gregory Jaczko was the lone dissenting vote.[5]
Opposition to Pilgrim's license extension came mainly from Pilgrim Watch, a local group which filed numerous legal and procedural challenges. The state attorney general has also raised questions about, among other issues, the possible danger posed by storage of spent nuclear fuel at the Plymouth site.[6]
In April 2013, the station increased its security following the Boston Marathon bombing.[7]
In July 2013, the plant had to reduce output during a heat wave despite very high electricity demand, because the temperature of water drawn from Cape Cod Bay exceeded 75 °F, the limit set by the NRC.[8]
On August 22, 2013, with the plant online at 98% power, all three of the plant's main feedwater pumps tripped causing a drop of the reactor water level. The reactor subsequently tripped. The loss of feedwater and sudden trip from the high power level caused the reactor water level to drop below -46 inches. After passing this point, the emergency core cooling system automatically activated. The RCIC and HPCI systems promptly restored the reactor water level to normal. The cause of the electrical trip to the feedwater pumps is under investigation.
On January 27, 2015, the plant underwent a storm-induced unplanned shutdown.[9]
Surrounding population
The Nuclear Regulatory Commission defines two emergency planning zones around nuclear power plants: a plume exposure pathway zone with a radius of 10 miles (16 km), concerned primarily with exposure to, and inhalation of, airborne radioactive contamination, and an ingestion pathway zone of about 50 miles (80 km), concerned primarily with ingestion of food and liquid contaminated by radioactivity.[10]
The 2010 U.S. population within 10 miles (16 km) of Pilgrim was 75,835, an increase of 40.5 percent in a decade, according to an analysis of U.S. Census data for msnbc.com. The 2010 U.S. population within 50 miles (80 km) was 4,737,792, an increase of 10.2 percent since 2000. Cities within 50 miles include Boston (35 miles to city center).[11]
Environmental impacts on Cape Cod Bay
PNPS operates a single reactor unit with a boiling water reactor and a steam turbine generator. The cooling and service water systems operate as a once-through cooling system, with Cape Cod Bay being the water source. The water is circulated in the plant's heat exchanger in the same manner as any fossil-fuel powered power plant, using the seawater to remove heat from primary coolant away from sources of radioactive contamination. Approximately 480 million gallons of seawater is withdrawn daily from the bay through an intake embayment formed by two breakwaters, and is then re-deposited into the bay causing a change in temperature at peak times (ΔT) of 3 °C (5.4 °F).[12]
During this process, the greatest environmental impact to the bay occurs through impingement and entrainment (I&E) of sea organisms and species. Entrainment occurs when small aquatic life forms are carried into and through the cooling system during water withdrawals. Impingement occurs when organisms are trapped against cooling water intake screens or racks by force of moving water.[12]
PNPS has been regularly monitoring I&E levels since 1974. They have reported I&E losses of millions of aquatic organisms each year. The EPA evaluated all species known to be impinged and entrained by the facility, including commercial, recreational, and forage fish species. Based on information provided in facility I&E monitoring reports, approximately 68 species have been identified in I&E collections since 1974, and 26 of these have commercial or recreational value.[13]
During the license renewal process, the Nuclear Regulatory Commission found that the significance of the potential environmental impacts of renewal would be small, with the exception of marine aquatic resources. Due to I&E, the continued operation of the cooling water system would rarely have impact on the local winter flounder (Pseudopleuronectes americanus) population, and the Jones River population of rainbow smelt, and cumulative impacts on other marine aquatic species would be small to moderate.[13]
After the aquatic organisms are impinged into the cooling system, they are discharged back into the bay as sediment. The resulting shadow effect kills plant and animal life around reactor discharge systems by curtailing the light and oxygen they need to survive,[14] however, the intake and discharge canals remain a popular and lucrative local recreational fishing spot for local residents.[15]
Seismic risk
The Nuclear Regulatory Commission's estimate of the risk each year of an earthquake intense enough to cause core damage to the reactor at Pilgrim was 1 in 14,493, according to an NRC study published in August 2010.[16][17]
Notes
- ↑ "General Electric Mark I Reactors in the United States" (PDF). Nuclear Information and Resource Service.
- ↑ "Massachusetts Nuclear Profile 2010". Energy Information Administration (EIA), United States Department of Energy (DOE). April 26, 2012. Retrieved May 25, 2012.
- ↑ Abel, David (October 13, 2015). "Pilgrim nuclear power plant to close in Plymouth". The Boston Globe.
- ↑ "Pilgrim Nuclear Power Station — License Renewal Application". U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission. March 29, 2012. Retrieved May 25, 2012.
- ↑ Adams, Steve (May 25, 2012). "NRC votes to renew Pilgrim nuclear power plant's license". The Patriot Ledger. Retrieved May 25, 2012.
- ↑ "Nuclear power foes not stilled in N.E. [Correction 5/15/09] ; Approval nationwide higher than in region". highbeam.com.
- ↑ "Security at nuke plant beefed up". 3 News NZ. April 16, 2013.
- ↑ "Warming bay water threatens to shut down nuclear reactor - Metro - The Boston Globe". BostonGlobe.com.
- ↑ "NRC Initiates Special Inspection at Pilgrim Nuclear Power Plant" (PDF). US Nuclear Regulatory Commission. February 2, 2015.
- ↑ "Backgrounder on Emergency Preparedness at Nuclear Power Plants". US Nuclear Regulatory Commission. January 6, 2006. Archived from the original on October 2, 2006.
- ↑ Dedman, Bill (April 14, 2011). "Nuclear neighbors: Population rises near US reactors". msnbc.com. Retrieved May 1, 2011.
- 1 2 "Transmittal of National Marine Fisheries Service Letter Concluding Section 7 Consultation for Pilgrim Nuclear Power Station" (PDF). June 19, 2012.
- 1 2 "Cooling Water Intakes" (PDF). epa.gov.
- ↑ "Licensed to Kill: How the nuclear power industry destroys endangered marine wildlife and ocean habitat to save money" (PDF). Nuclear Information and Resource Service.
- ↑ "The Recreational Fishery at Pilgrim Shorefront" (PDF). American Geophysical Union. Archived from the original (PDF) on March 20, 2014.
- ↑ Dedman, Bill (March 17, 2011). "What are the odds? US nuke plants ranked by quake risk". msnbc.com. Retrieved April 19, 2011.
- ↑ Hiland, Patrick (September 2, 2010). "Safety/Risk Assessment Results for Generic Issue 199, 'Implications of Updated Probabilistic Seismic Hazard Estimates in Central and Eastern United States on Existing Plants'" (PDF).