Plasmodium silvaticum

Plasmodium silvaticum is a parasite of the genus Plasmodium subgenus Plasmodium.

Like all Plasmodium species P. silvaticum has both vertebrate and insect hosts. The vertebrate hosts for this parasite are mammals.

Plasmodium silvaticum
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Protista
Phylum:	Apicomplexa
Class:	Aconoidasida
Order:	Haemosporida
Family:	Plasmodiidae
Genus:	Plasmodium
Species:	P. silvaticum
Binomial name
Plasmodium silvaticum

Description

The parasite was first described by Garnham et al in 1972 ^[1]

It is a member of the vivax group and closely resembles the other members of this group.

Geographical occurrence

This species is found in Borneo.

Vectors

Anopheles balabacensis, Anopheles maculatus and Anopheles sundaicus

Clinical features and host pathology

The parasite has an approximately 48 hour life cycle and gives rise to a tertian fever. The disease itself appears to be mild with little overt pathology.

Its prevalence varies considerably: Wolfe et al ^[2] found the highest Plasmodium spp. prevalence tp be 93.5% (29/31) in captive animals but 11.6% (5/43) in wild orangutans. Despite the apparent lack of pathology a study of the population genetics of the alpha 2 haemoglobin suggested that this parasite (or others like it) has had a significant selective effect on the orangutan genome.^[3]

It can be transmitted both by blood inoculation and by sporozoite inoculation into splenectomized chimpanzees.

References

1. Garnham PCC, Rajapaksa N, Peters W, Killick-Kendrick R (1972) Malaria parasites of the orang-utan (Pongo pygmaeus). Ann. Trop. Med. Parasitol. 66:287–94
2. Wolfe ND, Escalante AA, Karesh WB, Kilbourn A, Spielman A, Lal AA. (1998) Wild primate populations in emerging infectious disease research: the missing link. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 4:14958.
3. Steiper ME, Wolfe ND, Karesh WB, Kilbourn AM, Bosi EJ, Ruvolo M. (2005) The population genetics of the alpha-2 globin locus of orangutans (Pongo pygmaeus) J. Mol. Evol. 60(3):400-408