Polish–Austrian War

Polish-Austrian War
Part of the War of the Fifth Coalition in the Napoleonic Wars

Polish forces stops Austrian advance at Raszyn, only to retreat to the other side of the river soon afterwards.
Date10 April 1809 – 14 October 1809
LocationDuchy of Warsaw, Galicia
Result Treaty of Schönbrunn
Territorial
changes		 Austria cedes Galicia to the Duchy of Warsaw
Belligerents
Duchy of Warsaw
Saxony Kingdom of Saxony
 Russian Empire		 Austrian Empire Austria
Commanders and leaders
Józef Antoni Poniatowski
Russian Empire Dmitry Golitsyn		 Austrian Empire Archduke Ferdinand Karl Joseph of Austria-Este
Strength
24,000 Polish soldiers
~30,000 Polish irregulars
48,000 Russian soldiers		 36,000 soldiers
Casualties and losses
~1,000 killed
2,000 captured		 ~1,500 killed
7,000 captured
Duchy of Warsaw 1807–1809

Polish–Austrian War or Austro-Polish War was a part of the War of the Fifth Coalition in 1809 (a coalition of the Austrian Empire and the United Kingdom against Napoleon's French Empire and Bavaria). In this war, Polish forces of the Napoleon-allied Duchy of Warsaw and assisted by forces of the Kingdom of Saxony, fought against the Austrian Empire. By May, the Russian Empire joined against Austria. Polish troops withstood the Austrian attack on Warsaw defeating them at Raszyn, then abandoned Warsaw in order to reconquer parts of pre-partition Poland including Kraków and Lwów, forcing the Austrians to abandon Warsaw in futile pursuit.

The war

The military of the Duchy was weakened as the French corps garrisoning it were sent to Spain in 1808, and only the Duchy's own Polish forces remained in it.[1] With the start of the War of the Fifth Coalition, Austrian corps under Archduke Ferdinand Karl Joseph of Austria-Este invaded the territory of the Duchy of Warsaw (Polish state created by Napoleon) on 14 April 1809, engaging the Polish defenders soldiers under Prince Józef Antoni Poniatowski).[1]

After the Battle of Raszyn on April 19, where Poniatowski's Polish troops brought an Austrian force twice their number to a standstill (but neither side defeated the other decisively), the Polish forces nonetheless retreated, allowing the Austrians to occupy the Duchy's capital, Warsaw, as Poniatowski decided that the city would be hard to defend, and instead decided to keep his army mobile in the field and engage the Austrians elsewhere, crossing to the eastern (right) bank of the Vistula.[1][2] Indeed, the Duchy's capital was seized by the Austrian army with little opposition, but it was a Pyrrhic victory for them, since the Austrian commander diverted most of his forces there at the expense of other fronts. Prince Este garrisoned Warsaw with 10,000 soldiers, and split his remaining forces, sending 6,000 corps to the right bank of the Vistula, and the rest towards Toruń and other targets on the left bank.[2]

In a series of battles (at Radzymin, Grochów and Ostrówek), the Polish forces defeated elements of the Austrian army, forcing the Austrians to retreat to the western side of the river. First a major attack on bridges in Warsaw's suburb of Praga by a 6,000-strong Austrian force which had crossed the river earlier was stopped by 1,000 Polish fortified defenders.[2] Soon afterwards the Austrian forces besieging Praga were defeated by General Michał Sokolnicki, first at the battle of Grochów (on April 26), later, when the Austrian army tried to pursue Sokolnicki's Poles, it was routed on May 2 and May 3 at the battle of Góra Kalwaria (in which battle the Poles also destroyed the Austrians' partially built bridge together with their engineering equipment).[2] This left the initiative on the right bank firmly with the Poles.[2]

In the following weeks Greater Poland was defended by the Corps of General Henryk Dąbrowski, while Poniatowski left only a small screening force guarding bridges on the Vistula and moved the rest of his forces southwards.[3] Ferdinand made a few more attempts, trying to establish a bridgehead on the other side of the Vistula, but these were defeated. Polish forces successfully prevented the Austrians from crossing the river, and, staying close to the Vistula to control the situation, invaded the weakly defended Austrian territory to the south, on Austrian forces rear, taking parts of the recently partitioned Polish territories.[1] Polish forces took the major cities of Lublin (14 May), Sandomierz (18 May), Zamość (20 May), and Lwów (27 May).[1] A Polish administration and military formations were quickly organized on the taken territories, while generals Jan Henryk Dąbrowski and Józef Zajączek commanded the units slowing down the Austrians on the western bank of the Vistula.[1]

Eventually the Austrian main army under Archduke Ferdinand Karl Joseph, unable to push further on the left bank, and in danger of having its supply lines cut by Poniatowski, was forced to abandon the siege of Toruń, abandon Warsaw itself (on 1 June) and move south, planning to engage the Polish army to the south in Galicia and at some point merge with the main Austrian army operating further to the west.[1][2] Poniatowski decided not to engage the Austrian forces, concentrating instead on taking as much of Galicia as possible.[1][2]

In the meantime, Russian forces also moved on Galicia, trying to prevent the Poles from gaining too much strength and hoping to take some Austrian-held territories with no intent of returning them after the war. The Russian forces were, in theory, honouring a stipulation in the Treaty of Tilsit which called for Russia to join France in the event of an Austrian breach of the peace, but Russian and Austrian forces still considered each other de facto allies. The commander in the theatre, Sergei Golitsyn, had instructions to aid the Polish as little as possible.[2][4]

The Austrians managed to defeat Zajączek at the Battle of Jedlińsk on 11 June and took back Sandomierz (on June 18) and Lwów, but were unable to engage Poniatowski, who in the meantime had taken Kielce and Kraków (15 July).[1][2] Zajączek's corps would join up with Poniatowski's on 19 June, and with Dąbrowski's and Sokolnicki's on 3 and 4 July.[2] The Austrians were finally intercepted and defeated by the French at the Battle of Wagram (5 July – 6 July).[1]

Austrian Order of Battle

On 5 July 1809, the Austrian forces operating in Poland numbered 18,700 infantry, 2,400 cavalry, and 66 artillery pieces. The total of 23,200 troops were organized into 26 infantry battalions and 28 squadrons in 4 cavalry regiments. The order of battle is listed below.[5]

VII Armeekorps: Feldmarschall-Leutnant Archduke Ferdinand Karl Joseph of Austria-Este

Aftermath

General Józef Antoni Poniatowski became a national hero in Poland following this campaign.[8] He also received a ceremonial saber from Napoleon for his victories.[8]

In the aftermath of the Treaty of Schönbrunn, most of the territory liberated by Polish forces (territory which had been annexed by the Austrian Empire during the partitions of Poland several decades beforehand) was incorporated into the Duchy of Warsaw.[1]

Notes

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Wojna austriacko-polska, WIEM Encyklopedia
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Kamil Rosiak, W sto dziewięćdziesiąt lat po zgonie księcia Pepi..
  3. ↑ David R. Stefancic (2005). Armies in exile. East European Monographs. p. 27. ISBN 978-0-88033-565-2.
  4. ↑ Alexander Mikaberidze Non-Belligerent Belligerent Russia and the Franco-Austrian War of 1809, Cairn.Info
  5. ↑ Bowden & Tarbox, pp 169–170
  6. ↑ Smith-Kudrna, Austrian Generals 1792–1815. Kelgrer cannot be found in the Smith-Kudrna list.
  7. ↑ Bowden & Tarbox, pp 169. The authors list "Monda". The Smith-Kudrna spelling was used instead.
  8. 1 2 James R. Arnold (1 January 1995). Napoleon Conquers Austria: The 1809 Campaign for Vienna. Greenwood Publishing Group. pp. 106–. ISBN 978-0-275-94694-4.

References

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