Polish–Czechoslovak confederation

Map of Poland/Czechoslovakia. On the left is a map with pre-WWII borders, and the right is post-WWII borders.

The Polish-Czechoslovakian (con)federation[a] was a political concept from the time of World War II, supported by the Polish government-in-exile and to a lesser extent, by the United Kingdom and the United States. It was a revitalization of the Międzymorze concept, proposing the creation of a federation based on Poland and Czechoslovakia. The project had less support in the Czechoslovak government-in-exile, which believed it did not need Polish support against the Soviet Union, and was eventually sunk by the growing dominance of the USSR, as Joseph Stalin also saw no need for a strong and independent federation in Europe that could threaten his designs for that territory.

Background

Soon after the Polish defeat in the Polish September Campaign, both the Polish and Czechoslovak governments (Czechoslovakia having been reduced to a German puppet state following the Munich Agreement) formed in exile in the West.[1] However, despite a common enemy, Czechoslovakia–Poland relations were less than friendly, due to the countries' history of border conflicts.[2][3] The Polish government aimed to revitalize the Międzymorze federation concept and to create a strong federation of Central and Eastern European states, centered around Poland and Czechoslovakia, as a barrier to further German and Soviet aggression.[4][5] The Czechoslovak government, initially split between two groups (those of Milan Hodža and Edvard Beneš), was tentatively supportive of the idea, at least publicly.[5][6]

Negotiations

Edvard Beneš, leader of the Czechoslovak government-in-exile
Władysław Sikorski, leader of the Polish government-in-exile

Whereas among the Czechoslovak politicians both Hodža and Jan Masaryk were quite supportive of the idea of confederation,[6] Beneš was more lukewarm; his goal was to ensure that the disputed Zaolzie territory that had passed to Poland in the aftermath of the Munich Agreement was regained by Czechoslovakia,[2][7] and this became one of the major issues of contention in the ongoing negotiations.[2][8] Beneš, who saw regaining this territory as a primary objective, saw the Soviet Union (particularly in the aftermath of the Soviet invasion of Poland) as a potential ally and as a counterbalance to Poland, and would steadily align his government more with the Soviet Union than Poland, believing that an alliance with a powerful country would be more beneficial to Czechoslovakia than a federation with several other smaller powers.[2][3][6][7] This was quite contrary to the Polish attitude, as the Polish leader of that time, Władysław Sikorski, saw the Soviet Union as a major threat to the post-war European order.[2][9]

Thus, when in 1939 Sikorski approached Beneš and proposed discussions over a future Polish-Czechoslovakian federation, aiming to create a stronger post-war Poland and Czechoslovakia, Beneš's response was lukewarm at best, as he was not interested in strengthening Poland; rather, he was content to see Czechoslovakia re-established within its pre-1938 borders.[2] Nonetheless, Beneš did not refuse Sikorski's proposal outright, as the federation proposal was supported by the UK and later by the US (which also supported the plans for other federations such as the Greek-Yugoslav confederation), and as he was afraid that his refusal would led to the Poles opening negotiations with the Czechoslovak opposition, or to his government being marginalized by the British Foreign Office.[2][9][10] Thus, Beneš decided to continue the negotiations with the Poles over the possibility of federation, but with little haste; in fact, many of the Czechoslovak government's moves were designed to prolong the negotiations without any real commitment.[2] The negotiations proceeded slowly, with numerous conferences, and with joint declarations on 11 November 1940 (a declaration by the two governments about entering into "a closer political and economic association"), on 23 January 1942 (in which both governments agreed to form a confederation after the war and which mentioned common policies on diplomacy, defense, trade, education and communication) and on 10 June 1942.[2][10][11] January 1941 saw the establishment of the Czechoslovak-Polish Coordinating Committee, a body tasked with overseeing the process of the negotiations.[8]

Some early proposals focused on economic cooperation, unified foreign policy, a customs union and a common currency, but separate government offices.[5] A Polish proposal from 1941 called for the coordination of foreign and economic policies, including total economic unification.[8] Beneš tried to frame the potential federation as no more than a tool for mutual defense against Germany, and argued that the Soviet Union was not a threat, but rather a potential ally.[2] The Czechoslovak position was so pro-Soviet that the Beneš government passed secret documents from the Czech-Polish negotiations to the Soviets and assured them that they were acting in the best interests of Czechoslovakia-Soviet Union relations.[2] The Soviets, for their part, saw the Polish-led federation of Central and Eastern European states as a threat to their planned sphere of influence.[10][12][13] They put further pressure on the Czechoslovak government, with promises of alliance and territorial guarantees.[10][12][13] By late 1942 and early 1943, as the Soviet Union's position was boosted by its military victories, Czechoslovak-Soviet cooperation became much stronger; on 12 November 1942 the Czechoslovak side suspended talks with the Poles until permission from the Soviet Union had been obtained, and on 10 February 1943 the Czechoslovak diplomat Hubert Ripka informed the Polish government that no agreement that could be seen as antagonistic towards the Soviet Union would be supported by the Czechoslovak government.[2][14] This was a major blow to the Polish-Czechoslovakian negotiations.

Aftermath

Soon afterward, Poland and the Soviet Union broke their diplomatic relations over the Katyn massacre controversy.[2][13][15] Beneš in the meantime focused on pursuing a Czechoslovakia-Soviet Union alliance.[2][13][15] Death of Sikorski that year was another major blow to the planned federation, as he was seen as the plan's major supporter in the international scene.[12] In December 1943, a new Treaty of Alliance (for the next twenty years) was signed between the Czechoslovak government-in-exile and the Soviet Union in Moscow, and a Treaty of Military Cooperation between the two followed next spring.[15]

Beneš's support for the Soviet Union went so far that during his 1943 visit to the United States, he argued that the Soviet Union would never be a threat to either Czechoslovakia or Poland.[2] Beneš probably saw the threat of identity loss for Czechoslovakia and the Czechoslovak people in such a federation as more likely than the threat of a conflict or take-over by the Soviet Union, which he perceived as a benevolent ally.[2][7][12][15] In the end, the Polish federation plan (by Sikorski) came to naught; instead, the short term victory with regard to the Central and Eastern European geopolitical scene went to Beneš, and in the long term to his Soviet allies.[12] Czechoslovakia would regain most of the disputed Zaolzie territory, but by 1948 both it and Poland would have only nominal independence, as they would fall to communist take-overs and become part of the Eastern bloc Soviet sphere of influence. Beneš died in 1948, soon after the communist coup d'état forced him to retire from politics.

See also

Notes

a ^ As the details of the planned union were never finalized, it is not clear whether it would be a federation or a confederation. Sources use both the term "Polish-Czechoslovakian federation" and the term "Polish-Czechoslovakian confederation".

References

  1. ↑ Jonathan Levy (6 June 2007). The Intermarium: Wilson, Madison, & East Central European Federalism. Universal-Publishers. p. 199. ISBN 978-1-58112-369-2. Retrieved 10 August 2011.
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 (Polish) Alicja Sęk, EDVARD BENEŠ KONTRA GEN. WŁADYSŁAW SIKORSKI, Zaolzie-Polski Biuletyn Informacyjny, nr 6/2005 (18)
  3. 1 2 Roy Francis Leslie; R. F. Leslie (1983). The History of Poland since 1863. Cambridge University Press. p. 231. ISBN 978-0-521-27501-9. Retrieved 10 August 2011.
  4. ↑ Anita Prażmowska (1995). Britain and Poland, 1939–1943: the betrayed ally. Cambridge University Press. pp. 67–68. ISBN 978-0-521-48385-8. Retrieved 10 August 2011.
  5. 1 2 3 Jonathan Levy (6 June 2007). The Intermarium: Wilson, Madison, & East Central European Federalism. Universal-Publishers. p. 200. ISBN 978-1-58112-369-2. Retrieved 10 August 2011.
  6. 1 2 3 A. T. Lane; Elżbieta Stadtmüller (2005). Europe on the move: the impact of Eastern enlargement on the European Union. LIT Verlag Münster. p. 190. ISBN 978-3-8258-8947-0. Retrieved 10 August 2011.
  7. 1 2 3 Andrea Orzoff. Battle for the Castle. Oxford University Press US. p. 199. ISBN 978-0-19-974568-5. Retrieved 10 August 2011.
  8. 1 2 3 Anita Prażmowska (1995). Britain and Poland, 1939–1943: the betrayed ally. Cambridge University Press. p. 142. ISBN 978-0-521-48385-8. Retrieved 10 August 2011.
  9. 1 2 Piotr Stefan Wandycz (1980). The United States and Poland. Harvard University Press. pp. 245–246. ISBN 978-0-674-92685-1. Retrieved 10 August 2011.
  10. 1 2 3 4 Jonathan Levy (6 June 2007). The Intermarium: Wilson, Madison, & East Central European Federalism. Universal-Publishers. p. 201. ISBN 978-1-58112-369-2. Retrieved 10 August 2011.
  11. ↑ Ludger Kühnhardt (2009). Crises in European integration: challenge and response, 1945–2005. Berghahn Books. p. 23. ISBN 978-1-84545-441-8. Retrieved 10 August 2011.
  12. 1 2 3 4 5 Walter Lipgens (1985). Documents on the history of European integration: Plans for European union in Great Britain and in exile, 1939–1945 (including 107 documents in their original languages on 3 microfiches). Walter de Gruyter. p. 648. ISBN 978-3-11-009724-5. Retrieved 10 August 2011.
  13. 1 2 3 4 Klaus Larres (2002). Churchill's Cold War: the politics of personal diplomacy. Yale University Press. pp. 64–65. ISBN 978-0-300-09438-1. Retrieved 10 August 2011.
  14. ↑ Roy Francis Leslie; R. F. Leslie (1983). The History of Poland since 1863. Cambridge University Press. p. 242. ISBN 978-0-521-27501-9. Retrieved 10 August 2011.
  15. 1 2 3 4 Jonathan Levy (6 June 2007). The Intermarium: Wilson, Madison, & East Central European Federalism. Universal-Publishers. p. 202. ISBN 978-1-58112-369-2. Retrieved 10 August 2011.

Further reading

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