Political commentary of the Aeneid

Parallels with Roman History

Virgil wrote the Aeneid with the intent of showing a reflection of the Roman political stance of his time. Virgil does this primarily through its structure by having a story split into two parts. The first half shows an obsession with Troy's recently fallen city paired with failed attempts in establishing cities as they wander about, while the second half depicts victory in battle and the establishment of a new Troy. This mirrors Rome's disestablishment of the republic following troubles of a civil war and the establishment of peace and prosperity with the new Roman Empire. These reflect Augustan propaganda which asks that his people to forget the repetition of the past of civil war but to remember and repeat it in order to conquer their problems in support of his new reign of the empire.^[1]

Positive Images of Augustus Caesar's Rule

The Aeneid was written during a period of significant political unrest in the Roman political landscape. The era of Roman kings was abolished and Augustus Caesar had taken over as the leader of the new Roman empire. The Aeneid, was written in order to praise Augustus by drawing parallels between him and the protagonist, Aeneas. Virgil does so by mirroring Caesar with Aeneas and by creating a direct lineage between Aeneas and Augustus.

Aeneas is the founder of a new and improved Troy, same as Augustus, as the first Roman emperor, founded a new and improved Rome. Specifically, Aeneas seeks to establish a new nation based on that of Italy and Troy, same as Augustus sought to create a new Rome based on Rome's older traditions. These parallels combined with Aeneas' portrayal as a strong and powerful leader are what establish his means of promoting Augustus as a great leader.

Virgil creates a common ancestry between Aeneas and Augustus by interacting with the Roman tradition of viewing Romulus as the founder of Rome. Romulus is known as being the son of Mars and a vestal virgin. According to the ancient historian, Livy, this vestal virgin's name was Rhea Silvia, who is described in book 1 as a descendant of Aeneas. Virgil establishes a stronger connection of Silvia to the Trojans by changing her name in the epic to Ilia. This new name connects her by its similarity to the name "Ilium", another name for the city of Troy as well as by the fact that it is the feminine form of both Ilus (Aeneas' great-great-grandfather) and Ilus, the second name of Ascanius before the fall of Troy.

Virgil also references Julius Caesar's claim to divine ancestry as a descendant of Venus and Anchises, supporting this claim in his text. In a speech by Jupiter, he references a "Trojan Caesar" as a descendant of Ascanius (by the name of Iulus) and therefore of Venus:

"from this noble line shall be born the Trojan Caesar... a Julius, name descended from great lulus!"

This text also reminds the audience of the bloodline shared between Aeneas and Augustus.

In book six, When Aeneas is in Elysium, his father describes descendants who will one day inherit their name. He describes Aeneas' children, followed by Romulus, then skips ahead to Augustus Caesar. This creates the illusion of a direct connection between Caesar and Romulus.^[2]

Warning Against Caesar's Rule

Within the context of the Aeneid there are also warnings against the new political regime. Virgil questions whether the new political foundation promised by Caesar will actually be an escape from the repetitions of the civil war. Caesar claims that good repetition can replace the bad, but Virgil asks in his epic whether repetition can be a good thing at all. This is shown when Anchises misreads the oracle of Delos, leading to the lack of success of the settlement on Crete. This is intended to indicate how an obsession with former Troy is interfering with the goal of establishing a new one, thus representing the failure in a focus on the past.

When Anchises interprets the Delian oracle he states that the Trojan Ida got her name from the Cretan mountain. In this, is a repetition of "Idaeus/idaeumque" which reflects their attempts to repeat the past by finding likeness in new land. This repetition suggests their desire for the familiar rather than willingness to confront something new. This is parallel to Caesar's claim of good repetition replacing the bad.^[1]

Geopolitics

Virgil also wishes to express his concerns for the geopolitics of Rome. He does so by depicting a war against nature by Aeneas and his men. There are several examples of this beginning with early in the epic when Aeneas has to kill 7 stags, an event which is notable since it is one of the first things to take place in the story.

Other occurrences of Aeneas and his men waging war against nature are as follows: After arriving in Thrace, Aeneas pulls out 7 trees, first making the roots bleed, then eliciting a pitiful grown on the last pull. When the Trojans come across goats and cattle which they kill not for sacrifice but as hunters. When the crew arrives in Cumae, the Trojans have a negative impact on nature by taking prey and chopping down trees. In this scene, Ascanius kills a stag of a royal herd, instigating the war with Italy (He does this despite having any motivation to other than the honour of doing so). In book 9, the Trojans cut down the primeval forests in order to build the altar for Misenus' tomb. Tarchon establishes a view of nature as hostile and something to overcome by referring to the land as hostile in book 10.

Upon the first sight of Italy, Virgil repeatedly refers to the natural wealth of the land, writing about their great soil and the Tiber River. This is accompanied by much destruction of that land by the Trojans as depicted by the use of nature for strategy in book 11 and the destruction of the trees by Aeneas and his men late in book 12. In Virgil's most significant display of war against nature, the Trojans cut down a sacred olive tree in preparation of an open battlefield. This tree, given its sacredness depicts a focus on preservation of nature and is therefore in opposition of the political values of the later Roman empire. This violence opens commentary on the establishment of the empire based on destruction. It mirrors the chaos of the Italian countryside during Virgil's time. Through the events of the Aeneid, Virgil hopes to reveal the consequences of Aeneas' mission as the destruction of Italy's natural environment.^[3]

References

1. Quint, David (1993). Epic and Empire: Politics and Generic Form from Virgil to Milton. Princeton University Press. ISBN 0691015201.
2. "MU Libraries" (PDF). www.jstor.org.proxy.mul.missouri.edu. Retrieved 2016-05-02.
3. "William J. Dominik, ‘Vergil’s Geopolitics’, in W. J. Dominik, J. Garthwaite and P. Roche (eds), Writing Politics in Imperial Rome (Leiden/Boston: E. J. Brill 2009) 111–132.". www.academia.edu. Retrieved 2016-05-02.