Popular Mobilization Forces (Iraq)

The People's Mobilization
الحشد الشعبي
Active 15 June 2014 – present[1]
Country  Iraq
Allegiance  Iraq
Type Government-sanctioned paramilitary
Role Infantry (militia)
National Guard
Counterinsurgency
Size 100,000 to 120,000[2]
Part of Ministry of Interior
Engagements

War on ISIS

Commanders
Leaders
Notable Fighters Abu Azrael
Popular Mobilization Forces
Al-Hashd al-Shaabi
Participant in Iraqi insurgency (2011–present)
Active 15 June 2014  – present[1]
Ideology Predominantly Twelver Shi'a[3]
Iraqi nationalism
Groups
Headquarters Baghdad
Area of operations Iraq
Allies

 Iran

Kurdistan Regional Government

Opponents Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant

The People's Mobilization (Arabic: الحشد الشعبي‎ al-Hashd al-Shaabi), also known as the National Mobilization (الحشد الوَطنيّ al-Hashd al-Watani), and as the Popular Mobilization Forces/Units/Committee (PMF/PMU/PMC), is an Iraqi state-sponsored umbrella organization composed of some 40, mainly Shia Muslim groups (there also Sunni Muslim, Christian, and Yazidi groups), militias.[5] The People's Mobilization was formed for deployment against the Islamic State of Iraq and Syria. The organization was formed by uniting existing militias under the "People's Mobilization Committee" of the Iraqi Ministry of Interior in June 2014. Despite being a force outside the Iraqi regular armed services, militants of the Popular Mobilization Forces openly reject the qualification of "militia".[6]

Name

With regard to the official native name, the Arabic word الشعبي (al-shaabi) translates as "people's" or "popular", as referred to the people; the Arabic word الحشد (al-hashd) translates as "mobilization", as in the group of people mobilized rather than the process of mobilization. In other contexts al-hashd may translate as other terms such as "crowd", "horde", "throng", "gathering" or "mob".

Background and formation

Further information: Special Groups (Iraq)

The PMF were formed by the Iraqi government on 15 June 2014 after Marja' Ali al-Sistani's fatwa on "Sufficiency Jihad" on 13 June.[7] The fatwa called for defending Iraqi cities particularly Baghdad, and to participate in the counter-offensive against the Islamic State, following the Fall of Mosul on 10 June 2014.[8][9] The forces brought together a number of Shi'ite militias, most of which receive direct support from Iran. Along with a small number of Sunni tribesmen.[10] The forces would be to fall under the umbrella of the state’s security services and within the legal frameworks and practices of the Ministry of Interior. In the course of events, some of these groups embarked on a different path, operating independently.[11]

According to some sources, the Popular Mobilization Forces have made a fundamental difference on the battlefield, as they have undermined the superiority of IS at the level of guerrilla warfare, as well as at the level of the psychological operations.[12]

Composition and organization

While there are no official data about the strength of the Popular Mobilization Forces, there are some estimates, differing significantly; around Tikrit are believed to be about 20,000 engaged militiamen, while the grand total ranges are from 2 million – 5 million [13] to 300,000 – 450,000 Iraqi armed forces,[2] including about 40,000 Sunni fighters,[14] a figure evolving from early 2015 one, which counted 1,000 to 3,000 Sunni fighters.[15][16] By early March 2015 the Popular Mobilization Forces appears to be strengthening its foothold in the Yazidis town of Shingal by recruiting and paying local people.[17][18]

The Popular Mobilization Forces consist of both new volunteers and pre-existing militias, which have been grouped within the umbrella organization formally under the control of the Ministry of Interior Popular Mobilization Units directorate.[19][20] Among these militias there are the Peace Companies, formerly known as the Mahdi Army, Kata'ib Hezbollah, Kata'ib Sayyid al-Shuhada, Kata'ib al-Imam Ali, Asa'ib Ahl al-Haq and the Badr Organization.[21]

The militias are trained and supported by military advisers, coming from Turkey (for Sunni and Turkmeni troops),[22] Iran and Hezbollah,[23][24] including prominent Quds Force figures such as Qasem Soleimani.[25] The PMF also appeared to have deployed at least a Regiment under the command of Colonel Jumaa al-Jumaily in Al-Anbar province.[26] They are also said to have their own Military Intelligence, administrative systems,[13] a sort of “Media War Team” which provides morale boosting, battlefield updates and propaganda videos[27] and a court of law.[28]

Prime Minister Haider al-Abadi ordered on April 7, 2015 that the Popular Mobilization Forces be placed under the direct command of the prime minister’s office,[29] thus giving a further official status to the militia.[30]

The chairman of the Popular Mobilization Committee in the Iraqi government is Falih al-Fayyadh, who is also the National Security Adviser.[31] The PMF are allegedly led on the battlefields by Jamal Jaafar Mohammed, also known as Abu Mahdi al-Muhandis, the head of Kata'ib Hezbollah,[32][33] but the chain of command runs through pre-existing leaders.[34]
According to Iraqi sources, as well as to the London-based pro-Saudi Asharq Al-Awsat, the different militias rely on their own chain of command, and rarely work together[13] or follow regular Iraqi Army's orders.[35][36]

Alongside Abu Mahdi al-Muhandis, other people in charge of the PMF include: Qais al-Khazali, commander of Asa’ib Ahl al-Haq and Hadi Al-Amiri, the chief of the Badr Organization.[37] According to The New York Times, such organizational autonomy may present a challenge to the consolidation of Prime Minister Haider al-Abadi's authority.[38]

Sunni component

In early stages of the PMF, the Shiite component was alsmost exclusive and the Sunni one was almost neglectable, since it counted only 1,000 to 3,000 men.[16] In January 2016, Prime Minister Haider al-Abadi approved the appointment of 40,000 Sunni fighters to the Popular Mobilization Forces. According to Al-Monitor, his move was decided in order to give a multiconfessional image to the Forces; however, Sunni fighters began to volunteer even before the al-Abadi's decision. Adding Sunni fighters to the Popular Mobilization Units could set the stage for the force to become the core of the envisioned National Guard.[14] According to The Economist, as of late April 2016 the Hashd had approximately 16,000 Sunnis.[39]

It has been observed that the Sunni Arab tribes that took part in al-Hashd al-Shaabi 2015 recruitment are those which also had good relations with Nouri al-Maliki during his tenure as Prime Minister.[40]

Shiite component

According to a Sunni newspaper, there are three main Shiite components within the Popular Mobilization Forces: the first are the groups that were formed following Sistani’s fatwa, without political roots or ambitions; the second are groups that were formed by political parties or are initially the military wings of these parties, with definite political characterization; the third are the armed groups that have been present in Iraq for years and have fought battles against US forces and also participated in operations in Syria.[19]

According to Shiite P.M.F. officials, the recruitment campaign is successful also because it is administered by the religious establishment and Shia religious scholars from the hawza are instrumental in recruitment.[41]

Equipment

The equipment of the Popular Mobilization Forces is a major issue. At the end of January 2015, a video[42] showed a large Kata'ib Hezbollah convoy transporting several American-made military vehicles, including an M1 Abrams Tank, M113 armoured personnel carriers, Humvees, and MRAP vehicles as well as Iranian-made Safir 4x4s and technicals with Kata’ib Hezbollah’s flags flying.[43] According to some sources, the Iraqi government is supplying U.S.-provided military equipment to the militias.[44][45] Iraqi minister of transportation, and the head of the Badr Organization, Hadi Al-Amiri criticized the U.S. for the lack of providing arms.[46] On the other hand, U.S. officials argue that the operators of heavy weapons allegedly taken over by Kata'ib Hezbollah were regular Iraqi soldiers who raised the Hezbollah flag merely in solidarity with the militant group, while the same source acknowledge that is generally difficult to monitor U.S.-made weapons.[47]

Alongside U.S.-made military equipment handed over to or fallen into the hands of Popular Mobilization Forces, Iran is a major supplier; according to some sources in 2014 Tehran sold Baghdad nearly $10 billion worth of weapons and hardware. Furthermore, there is a daily supply of Iranian weapons,[48] including Iranian-made 106 mm anti-tank guns as well as 120mm, 82mm and 60mm mortars.[49]

In May 2015, the United States started delivering about $1.6 billion worth of military equipment under the supervision of the Government of Iraq. According to some sources, the major beneficiaries of the weapons deliveries are to be the Popular Mobilization Forces.[50]

Major engagements

Iraqi Army and Hashed al-Shaabi defeated the Islamic State in Saladin Governorate

The Popular Mobilization Forces have been involved in several battles of the military intervention against the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant since their founding, the most important being the Second Battle of Tikrit. After the end of the battle of Tikrit, the complex of occupation forces handed over security issues to local police and security forces.[51]

On Monday April 6, 2015 Iraqi Prime Minister Haider al-Abadi said that, while being heavily involved in the conquest of Tikrit, the Popular Mobilization Forces will not join the planned Mosul conquest.[52]
This statement was reversed in March 2016, when al-Abadi reportedly rejected calls by Nineveh’s provincial council to prohibit Popular Mobilization Forces from taking part in retaking Mosul.[53]

Shiite volunteers reportedly entered in Anbar Province on very first days of May 2015, among heavy protests of Sunnite personalities,[54][55] with limited operations continuing in 2016.[56]

Laws and directives

The Laws and conduct by which the PMF should abide are those of the Iraqi Government since the Iraqi Prime Minister has the final control over the PMF. Nonetheless, Marja' Ali al-Sistani issued an "Advice and Guidance to the Fighters on the Battlefields" which included a 20 points form of how the PMF should conduct themselves.[57]

The main points were that the PMF should treat the liberated areas locals with the Islamic Law which is as quoted from the second point which is a Hadith of the Muslim Prophet Muhammed; "Do not indulge in acts of extremism, do not disrespect dead corpses, do not resort to deceit, do not kill an elder, do not kill a child, do not kill a woman, and do no not cut down trees unless necessity dictates otherwise".[57] Other points included the same aforementioned guidance when treating non-Muslims and also not to steal or disrespect people even if they are the families of the ISIS fighters.[57]

Domestic criticisms and war crimes accusations

Some of the militias constituting the Popular Mobilization Forces have been accused of war crimes motivated by sectarian revenge reasons: according to Amnesty International, Shiite militias have abducted, tortured and killed numerous Sunni civilians[12][58] and, according to Western sources, in Tikrit militants have committed some violences, while being publicily praised;[16] On the wake of the conquest of Tikrit, Iraqi authorities declared that war crimes will be investigated and their perpetrators punished.[52]

High Iraqi Shiite authorities, such as Grand Ayatollah Ali al-Sistani or Ayatollah Hussein Al-Sadr, called on the militants in the popular mobilization forces to avoid war crimes or other despicable behaviour[59] and ad hoc government inquiry committees have been established in order to find the truth.[60]

Mosul Sunni dignitaries and officials accuse PMF of killings of Sunnis, takeovers of schools and the forcing of Sunnis to sell property in the prime real estate area close to the Mosul shrine. According to City council's deputy chairman Muzher Fleih, 650 Sunnis have disappeared. On the other hand, militia leaders insist any abuses are isolated incidents.[28]

Alongside war crimes accusations, also some concerns regarding constitutionality and politicization of al-Hashd al-Shaabi have been raised: Sunni sources have called for depoliticization of the Popular Mobilization Forces, to be achieved under the proposed National Guard bill.[19] For what it regards constitutionality issues, according to some critics, the Popular Mobilization Forces are not sanctioned by the Constitution of Iraq and, nonetheless, they have a budget and are paid on regular basis by the Iraqi government, whilst the legally established Peshmerga have not received their wages.[61][62]

The official status and actual dependance of the Popular Mobilization Forces on the Baghdad government and its help is not fully resolved as of late 2015.[63]

Recruitment of Yazidis in Kurdish areas is deemed to go against official Kurdish policy against the move: Kurdistan Region President Massoud Barzani asked the Peshmerga minister last month to stop all militia activities in the area.[18]

Concerns about power growth of the Popular Mobilization Forces

The Popular Mobilization Forces are accused to accrue a power base in Iraq and to be the Iran's instrument to dominate Iraq; the main fears are that the permanent Milita would turn themselves in enforcers of Shiite domination.[28] The police headquarters in the Muthanna Governorate announcing that they were in the process of commissioning Popular Mobilization battalions with security tasks in early January. These tasks include protecting public and private establishments in open desert areas, among others: other reports indicate that Popular Mobilization is securing border outlets and controlling security in liberated cities.[64]

According to General Ali Omran, commander of the army's 5th Infantry Division, P.M.F. militias are too entrenched in politics and at risk to come at "blows" with the Armed Forces. In February 2016, militiamen refused orders to vacate a building in a military base north of Baghdad.[28]

According AP-interviewed government officials and militia leaders, militias forming the Popular Mobilization Forces want to remain a permanent, independent armed force; Hamed al-Jazaeery, head of the al-Khorasani Brigades militia, stated that the model is the Islamic Revolution Guards Corps.[28]

International reactions

Related voices

References

  1. 1 2 al Khadimi, Mustafa (12 March 2015). "Will Sistani be able to control popular mobilization forces?". Al-Monitor. Retrieved 14 March 2015.
  2. 1 2 Sly, Liz (15 February 2015). "Pro-Iran militias’ success in Iraq could undermine U.S.". The Washington Post. Retrieved 22 March 2015.
  3. ↑ "Sunnis in Kirkuk are annoyed from the Shi'ite Popular Mobilization fighters". Rudaw. October 1, 2014.
  4. ↑ "Iraq war against ISIS forms unlikely alliances between Shiites, Kurds, Sunnis, the U.S. and Iran". 19 February 2015.
  5. ↑ "Islamic State: The caliphate strikes back". The Economist. 23 May 2015. Retrieved 25 May 2015.
  6. ↑ Raineri, Daniele (2 April 2015). "Assalto finale a Tikrit". Il Foglio Quotidiano (in Italian). Retrieved 11 April 2015.
  7. ↑ al Khadimi, Mustafa (12 March 2015). "Will Sistani be able to control popular mobilization forces?". Al-Monitor. Retrieved 14 March 2015.
  8. ↑ al Khadimi, Mustafa (12 March 2015). "Will Sistani be able to control popular mobilization forces?". Al-Monitor. Retrieved 14 March 2015.
  9. ↑ "AP Interview: Iraq’s al-Maliki denies seeking comeback". 2 February 2015. Retrieved 15 March 2015.
  10. ↑ "Islamic State: Iraq Battle Against ISIS For Tikrit Led By Iran-Backed Shiite Militia Forces". International Business Times. March 3, 2015.
  11. ↑ Mamouri, Ali (17 February 2015). "Concern in Iraq grows over unregulated Shiite forces". al-Monitor.com. Retrieved 15 March 2015.
  12. 1 2 al-Khadimi, Mustafa (22 December 2014). "Iraqi volunteers' victories don't justify atrocities". al-Monitor. Retrieved 14 March 2015.
  13. 1 2 3 "Better pay, better weapons: are shiite militias growing more powerful than iraqi army?". Niqash. January 29, 2015.
  14. 1 2 Saadoun, Mustafa (14 January 2016). "It’s official: Sunnis joining Iraq's Popular Mobilization Units". Al-Monitor. Retrieved 29 March 2016.
  15. ↑ Wright, Robin (13 March 2015). "In War Against ISIS, Numbers Don’t Always Tell the Story". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 23 March 2015.
  16. 1 2 3 Raineri, Daniele (4 April 2015). "Dentro a Tikrit, gli sciiti arrivano sui luoghi delle stragi" (in Italian). Retrieved 11 April 2015.
  17. ↑ "Hashd al-Shaabi / Hashd Shaabi Popular Mobilisation Units / People’s Mobilization Forces". GlobalSecurity.org. Retrieved 12 November 2015.
  18. 1 2 Nasir, Ali (2 March 2015). "Shiite militia recruiting Yezidis, strengthening foothold in Shingal". Rudaw. Retrieved 12 November 2015.
  19. 1 2 3 al-Kadhimi, Mustafa (10 July 2015). "Why Iraq needs to depoliticize their Popular Mobilization Units". Al-Monitor. Retrieved 12 November 2015.
  20. ↑ Ali, Ahmed (14 November 2014). "Iraq’s Prime Minister Reshuffles the Security Commanders". Institute for the Study of War. Retrieved 15 March 2015.
  21. ↑ "Iraqi Popular Forces Warn to Disclose Coalition’s Support for ISIL". Islamic Invitation Turkey. 1 March 2015. Retrieved 17 March 2015.
  22. ↑ "20 Turkish officers train Iraqi Mobilization Forces, media sources". Iraq Tradelink News Agency. 15 April 2015. Retrieved 15 April 2015.
  23. ↑ "Iran’s Influence Grows In Iraq (Daniel 8)". Andrew The Prophet. 14 March 2015. Retrieved 15 March 2015.
  24. ↑ Hashem, Ali (16 March 2015). "Iraq’s Shiite forces claim victory over IS". Al-Monitor. Retrieved 20 March 2015.
  25. ↑ "Analysis 03-06-2015". Center for American and Arab Studies. 7 March 2015. Retrieved 17 March 2015.
  26. ↑ "Iraqi forces retake region, police station in Anbar". Iran Daily. 15 March 2015. Retrieved 15 March 2015.
  27. ↑ Gulmohamad, Zana K. (17 April 2015). "A short profile of Iraq’s Shi’a militias". Terrorism Monitor XIII (8): 4. Retrieved 10 July 2015.
  28. 1 2 3 4 5 Hendawi, Hamza; Qassim, Abdul-Zahra (20 March 2016). "Fears in Iraqi government, army over Shiite militias' power". San Diego Union Tribune. Associated Press. Retrieved 5 April 2016.
  29. ↑ Nordland, Rod (7 April 2015). "After Victory Over ISIS in Tikrit, Next Battle Requires a New Template". The New York Times. Retrieved 15 April 2015.
  30. ↑ "Iraqi Cabinet regards Popular Mobilization Forces an official organ, Cabinet". Iraq TradeLink News Agency. 7 April 2015. Retrieved 12 May 2015.
  31. ↑ "The National Security Adviser and the chairman of the Popular Mobilization Committee arrives at Kirkuk.". Beladi News. January 5, 2015.
  32. ↑ Badran, Tony (6 March 2015). "Exporting the Islamic Revolution". NOW. Retrieved 15 March 2015.
  33. ↑ Hashem, Ali (2 January 2015). "Iraqi town celebrates victory over Islamic State". al-Monitor. Retrieved 15 March 2015.
  34. ↑ Sly, Liz (16 February 2015). "Iraq's pro-Iranian Shiite militias lead the war against the Islamic State". Star and Stripes. Retrieved 15 March 2015.
  35. ↑ "Possible Armed Confrontations between Popular Mobilization Forces, Iraqi Army". Ashraq al-Aswat. 9 February 2016. Retrieved 29 March 2016.
  36. ↑ "Possible Armed Confrontations between Popular Mobilization Forces, Iraqi Army". Asharq Al-Awsat. 9 February 2016. Retrieved 6 April 2016.
  37. ↑ Grappo, Gary (14 March 2015). "Iran’s Strategic Victory: Hezbollah-ized Iraq". The Daily Journalist. Retrieved 16 March 2015.
  38. ↑ Barnard, Anne (12 March 2015). "A Balancing Act as Iraq Claims Gains in Tikrit". The New York Times. Retrieved 16 March 2015.
  39. ↑ "Islamic State in Iraq: The last battle: The long fight to retake Iraq’s second-biggest city, Mosul, has begun". The Economist. 16 April 2016. Retrieved 20 April 2016.
  40. ↑ Duman, Bilgay (May 2015). "A new controversial actor in post-ISIS Iraq: al-Hashd al-Shaabi (the Popular Mobilization Forces)" (PDF) (198). ORSAM: 8. Retrieved 29 March 2016.
  41. ↑ Mansour, Renad (1 February 2016). "The Popularity of the Hashd in Iraq". Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. Retrieved 29 March 2016.
  42. ↑ "https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ItK0Jb88quw". External link in |title= (help)
  43. ↑ Roggio, Bill; Weiss, Caleb (28 January 2015). "Video shows Hezbollah Brigades convoy transporting American M1 tank". The Long War Journal. Retrieved 17 March 2015.
  44. ↑ Rogin, Josh; Lake, Eli. "Iran-Backed Militias Are Getting U.S. Weapons". Bloomberg View. Retrieved 17 March 2015.
  45. ↑ "Armed with U.S. weapons, infamous militia beating ISIS". 2 February 2015. Retrieved 17 March 2015.
  46. ↑ ""Those Kissed US Hands, Didn't Get Anything": Iraq Shiite Commander". Alalam. 14 March 2015. Retrieved 17 March 2015.
  47. ↑ Missy, Ryan (26 March 2015). "Tracking U.S. weapons grows harder in the fog of Iraq’s fragmented war". TheWashingtonPost. Retrieved 4 April 2015.
  48. ↑ Hemdawi, Hamza; Abdul-Zahra, Qassim (12 January 2015). "Iran eclipses U.S. as Iraq's ally in fight against militants". MilitaryTimes. Retrieved 20 March 2015.
  49. ↑ "Better pay, better weapons: Are Shiite militias growing more powerful than Iraqi army?". Preemptive Love Coalition. 31 January 2015. Retrieved 23 March 2015.
  50. ↑ Enders, David (6 June 2015). "US Starts Sending $1.6 Billion Worth of Promised Arms to Iraq — But Who Will Get Them?". Vice News. Retrieved 21 June 2015.
  51. ↑ "Mobilization forces hand over security affairs to local police in Tikrit". Iraq Tradelink News Agency. 4 April 2015. Retrieved 15 April 2015.
  52. 1 2 "Iraqi PM Abadi: Shiite militia won’t join battle for Mosul". Rudaw. 7 April 2015. Retrieved 16 April 2015.
  53. ↑ Saleh, Ibrahim (3 March 2016). "'All Iraqis' can help retake Mosul from Daesh: PM". Andalou Agency. Andalou Agency. Retrieved 6 April 2016.
  54. ↑ "Shiite volunteers enter Anbar province". Iraq TradeLink News Agency. 6 May 2015. Retrieved 12 May 2015.
  55. ↑ Salama, Vivian (13 June 2015). "Iraq militias say they don't need US help in Anbar operation". Business Insider. Retrieved 21 June 2015.
  56. ↑ "Badr Organization: Iraqi Shia popular mobilization forces liberates 21 km in western Anbar". AhlulBayt News Agency. AhlulBayt News Agency. 7 March 2016. Retrieved 6 April 2016.
  57. 1 2 3 http://www.sistani.org/english/archive/25036/ (www.sistani.org) on 12th of Feb 2015, accessed on the 3rd of April 2015
  58. ↑ "Iraqi Shia militias accused of murder spree". Al-Jazeera. 14 October 2014. Retrieved 16 March 2015.
  59. ↑ Mamouri, Ali (12 March 2015). "Iraq needs justice, not revenge". The Arab American News. Retrieved 15 March 2015.
  60. ↑ "Iraq’s PM Abadi Orders Probe Into Two Civilian Deaths at Anbar Security HQ". Canada Headlines. 13 February 2015. Retrieved 15 March 2015.
  61. ↑ Farhadi, Imad (24 March 2015). "The Constitutionality of the Popular Mobilization Force". The MENA Informer. Retrieved 31 March 2015.
  62. ↑ "Shiite "Popular Mobilization" is unconstitutional". KurdishGlobe. 2 February 2015. Retrieved 31 March 2015.
  63. ↑ Mansour, Renad (16 November 2015). "From Militia to State Force: the Transformation of al-Hashd al-Shaabi". Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. Retrieved 29 March 2016.
  64. ↑ "Is the influence of Iraq's popular mobilization forces growing?". The Regional Center for Strategic Studies Cairo. 13 January 2016. Retrieved 5 April 2016.
  65. ↑ http://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=51473#.VbP2xfmqqkp UN News Center on 22-7-2015, accessed on 26-7-2015
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