Popular monarchy

Popular monarchy is a system of monarchical governance in which the monarch's title is linked with a popular mandate rather than a constitutional state.^[1] It was the norm in some places (such as Scotland) from the Middle Ages, and was occasionally used in 19th- and 20th-century Europe, often reflecting the results of a populist revolution. Thus, during the French Revolution Louis XVI had to change his title to indicate he was the monarch of the people rather than sovereign ruler of the land.

Currently, Belgium has the only explicit popular monarchy, the formal title of its king being King of the Belgians rather than King of Belgium. Constitutional monarchy in the modern sense can be considered an evolution of the idea, as such constitutions generally place sovereignty with the people, not the monarch.

Examples

Country	Title	Notes
Holy Roman Empire	King of the Romans	Title of the elected Emperor-to-be
Kingdom of Croatia	King of the Croats	Kralj Hrvata in Croatian, Rex Chroatorum in Medieval Latin, which was later extended to King of the Croats and the Dalmatians (Kralj Hrvata i Dalmatinaca or Rex Chroatorum Dalmatarumque)
Kingdom of Portugal	King of the Portuguese	The first Portuguese king, Afonso Henriques, used the style King of the Portuguese (Rex Portugalensium), to remember that he was elected on the battlefield, after the Battle of Ourique (1139), by his fellows and subjects; their descendants, instead, used the style of King of Portugal (Rex Portugaliae or later in Portuguese: Rei de Portugal).
Kingdom of France	King of the French	Used by Louis XVI from 1791 to 1792, and by Louis Philippe I from 1830 until 1848.
French Empire	Emperor of the French	Used by Napoleon I, Napoleon II (however briefly and ceremonially), and Napoleon III during their various reigns
Kingdom of Belgium	King of the Belgians	Used since the constitutional oath of Leopold I in 1831. The Belgian popular monarchy is the sole currently in use. The holders of the title have been Leopold I, Leopold II, Albert I, Leopold III, Baudouin, Albert II, and currently King Philippe.
Kingdom of Greece	King of the Hellenes	Used from 1863 to the monarchy's abolition in 1974 (the King had been in exile since 1967). The holders of the title were George I, Constantine I, Alexander, George II, Paul, and finally Constantine II.
German Empire	German Emperor	Used from 1871 until 1918. The holders of the title were Wilhelm I, Friedrich III, and Wilhelm II.
Kingdom of Yugoslavia	King of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes	Used from 1918 to 1929, when the title was changed to King of Yugoslavia. The holders of the title were Peter I and Alexander I.
Albanian Kingdom	King of the Albanians	Used by Zog I, the one ruler of the Kingdom of Albania, from 1928 de facto to 1939, and de jure until 1946. Victor Emmanuel III, who claimed the Albanian throne between 1939 and 1943, used the title King of Albania.
Kingdom of Romania	King of the Romanians	Used from 1881 until 1947. The holders of the title were Carol I, Ferdinand I, Carol II and Michael I.
Kingdom of Scotland	King of Scots	This usage became less common with William and Mary, who chose to be called King and Queen of Scotland. The Acts of Union 1707 abolished the Scottish and English thrones and created the Kingdom of Great Britain.
Principality of Wales	Prince of the Welsh	Evolving from King of the Britons, before mediatising in the 12th century as Prince of the Welsh. Eventually, Dafydd II of Gwynedd and Wales adopted the title Prince of Wales to denote suzerainty over the whole of Wales, not just the Welsh people.
Kingdom of Bulgaria	King of the Bulgarians	The official title of Ferdinand I in 1908–1918, Ferdinand's son Boris III (1918–1943) and Boris' son Simeon II (1943 – at least to 1946) was: by the Grace of God and the People's Will King of the Bulgarians. In fact, Ferdinand I was elected by the National Assembly as a Prince of Bulgaria in 1887.

See also

• Revolutions of 1830

Notes

1. Martin, Kinglsey (24 Aug 2005), "The Evolution of Popular Monarchy", Political Quarterly 7 (2): 155–78.