List of peasant revolts
This is a chronological list of conflicts in which peasants played a significant role.
Background
History of peasant wars spans over a period of over two thousand years. A variety of reasons fueled the emergence of the peasant revolt phenomenon, including:[1]
- Tax resistance
- Social inequality
- Religious war
- National liberation
- Resistance against serfdom
- Redistribution of land
- External factors such as plague and famine
Later peasant revolts such as the Telangana Rebellion were also influenced by agrarian socialist ideologies.[2]
The majority of peasant rebellions ended prematurely and were unsuccessful. Peasants suffered from limited funding and lacked the training and organisational capabilities of professional armies.[3]
Chronological list
The list gives the name, the date, the peasant allies and enemies, and the result of these conflicts following this legend:
- Peasant victory
- Peasant defeat
- Another result (e.g. a treaty or peace without a clear result, status quo ante bellum, result unknown or indecisive)
- Ongoing conflict
Date | Conflict | State | Peasants | Result | Image | References |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
209-206 BC | Anti-Qin revolts (including Dazexiang Uprising) | Qin dynasty | Peasants under several rebel leaders, including Chen Sheng, Wu Guang, Xiang Yu, and Liu Bang | Qin dissolution | [4] | |
205–186 BC | Great revolt of the Egyptians | Ptolemaic Kingdom | Native Egyptian peasants and soldiers under secessionist Pharaohs Hugronaphor and Ankhmakis | Suppression of the rebellion | [5] | |
17-25 | Lülin | Xin dynasty | Lülin rebels | Collapse of Xin dynasty; ascendancy of rebel leader Liu Xiu after infighting among Lülin forces | ||
17-27 | Red Eyebrows | Xin dynasty | Red Eyebrows rebels | Goal of the rebellion partially achieved, but eventual defeat of the movement by Liu Xiu | ||
172-173 | Bucolic War | Roman Empire | Egyptian peasants under Isidorus | Suppression of the rebellion | [6] | |
184–205 | Yellow Turban Rebellion | Han dynasty | Yellow Turban rebels | Suppression of the rebellion, though Han dynasty is severely weakened | [7] | |
185–205 | Heishan bandit movement | Han dynasty | Bandit confederacy of the Taihang Mountains Gongsun Zan's forces | Suppression of the rebellion, though Han dynasty is severely weakened | ||
3rd – 5th century | Bagaudae | Roman Empire | Bagaudae Suebi | Gain control of some territory; end with the general collpase of the Roman Empire | ||
4th – late 5th century | Circumcellions | Roman Empire (until 435) Catholic Church (until 435) Vandal Kingdom (since 435) African landlords | Berber and Roman peasants Donatist authorities Rebellious Roman military under Gildo (in 398) | End of Roman Catholic rule in Africa, but suppression of the rebellion by Vandals and Arian authorities | [8] | |
611-619 | Anti-Sui rebellions | Sui dynasty | Peasants under several rebel leaders Defected military forces under several rebel generals, officials and nobles | Collapse of Sui dynasty; ascendancy of rebel leader Li Yuan after infighting among rebel forces | ||
841–843 | Stellinga Uprising | Saxon nobility Frankish military under Louis the German | Stellinga | Suppression of the rebellion | ||
859–860 | Rebellion of Ch'iu Fu | Tang dynasty | Chinese peasants and bandits under Ch'iu Fu | Suppression of the rebellion, though Tang dynasty is severely weakened | [9] | |
874–878 | Rebellion of Wang Xianzhi | Tang dynasty | Chinese peasants and bandits under Wang Xianzhi and Shang Junzhang | Suppression of the rebellion, though Tang dynasty is severely weakened | [10] | |
875–884 | Rebellion of Huang Chao | Tang dynasty | Chinese peasants and bandits under Huang Chao | Suppression of the rebellion, though Tang dynasty is severely weakened | [11] | |
928–932 | Basil the Copper Hand Rebellions | Byzantine Empire | Peasants under Basil the Copper Hand | Suppression of the rebellion | [12] | |
993-995 | Da Shu rebellion in Sichuan | Song dynasty | Peasants under Wang Xiaobo and Li Shun | Suppression of the rebellion | [13] | |
1277–1280 | Uprising of Ivaylo | Bulgarian nobility Byzantine Empire Golden Horde | Peasants under Ivaylo | Murder of Ivaylo | [14] | |
1323–1328 | Peasant revolt in Flanders | Kingdom of France | Flemish peasants | Suppression of the rebellion | ||
1343–1346 | St. George's Night Uprising | Teutonic Order Kingdom of Denmark | Estonian peasants | Suppression of the rebellion | [15] | |
1351-1368 | Red Turban Rebellion | Yuan dynasty Goryeo | Red Turban Armies of White Lotus members, Manichaeans and Chinese peasants | Fall of Yuan dynasty and retreat of the Mongols into Mongolia as the Northern Yuan dynasty; ascendancy of rebel leader Zhu Yuanzhang after infighting among rebel forces | ||
1358 | Jacquerie | Kingdom of France | French peasants | Suppression of the rebellion | ||
1381 | Peasants' Revolt | Kingdom of England | English peasants | Suppression of the rebellion | ||
1382 | Harelle | Kingdom of France | French peasants | Suppression of the rebellion | [16] | |
1401–1404, 1409 | Samogitian uprisings | Teutonic Order Švitrigaila's followers | Samogitian peasants Grand Duchy of Lithuania Kingdom of Poland | Goal of the rebellion largely achieved, though disputes over Samogitia continue until 1422 | ||
1428 | Shocho uprising | Muromachi Shogunate | Japanese peasants | Peasant debts cancelled. | ||
1437 | Budai Nagy Antal Revolt | Kingdom of Hungary | Transylvanian peasants | Suppression of the rebellion | ||
1441 | Funen and Jutland Peasant rebellions | Kingdom of Denmark | Danish peasants | Suppression of the rebellion | ||
1450 | Jack Cade Revolt | Kingdom of England | English peasants | Suppression of the rebellion | [17] | |
1450–1451 | John and William Merfold's Uprising | Kingdom of England | English peasants | Suppression of the rebellion | [18] | |
1453–1454 | Morea revolt of 1453–54 | Despotate of the Morea Ottoman Empire | Greek peasants under Manuel Kantakouzenos Albanians under Peter Bua Latin loyalists under John Asen Zaccaria | Suppression of the rebellion | [19] | |
1462–1472, 1485–1486 | Remença | Catalan constitutionalists and nobility (1462–1472) Crown of Aragon (1485–1486) | Catalan peasants Royalists under John II of Aragon (1462–1472) | Goal of the rebellion largely achieved, Sentència de Guadalupe signed | [20] | |
1478 | Carinthian Peasant Revolt | Ottoman Empire | Carinthian peasants | Suppression of the rebellion | [21] | |
1482–1511 | Yamashiro-ikki uprisings | Ashikaga shogunate | Yamashiro peasant leagues Hatakeyama clan Hosokawa clan Ōuchi clan | Most ikki submit to the shogunate in 1493, though continue to retain autonomy until gradual dissolution of the movement | [22] | |
1487-1488 | Kaga Rebellion | Togashi clan | Ikkō-ikkiMotoori clanYamagawa clan | Decisive victory for the Ikkō-ikki. | [23] | |
1488–1582 | Ikkō-ikki Uprisings | Several major samurai clans (including Oda clan and Tokugawa clan) Nichiren sect Tendai sōhei Jōdo-shū sōhei | Ikkō-shū peasant and ji-samurai leagues Jōdo Shinshū sōhei Mōri clan Azai clan Asakura clan | Destruction of most militant Ikkō-shū leagues; Jōdo Shinshū sect and remaining Ikkō-ikki submit to Toyotomi Hideyoshi | [24] | |
1498–1878 | Opryshky movement | Kingdom of Poland Holy Roman Empire | Ukrainian peasants | Suppression of the movement | ||
1511 | Friulian Revolt | Republic of Venice | Friulian peasants | Suppression of the rebellion | ||
1514 | Poor Conrad Rebellion | Duchy of Württemberg | Württemberg peasants | Suppression of the rebellion | [25] | |
1514 | György Dózsa Rebellion | Kingdom of Hungary | Hungarian peasants | Suppression of the rebellion | [26] | |
1515 | Slovene Peasant Revolt | Holy Roman Empire | Slovene peasants | Suppression of the rebellion | [27] | |
1515–1523 | Frisian peasant rebellion | Habsburg Netherlands | Arumer Zwarte Hoop Charles II, Duke of Guelders | Suppression of the rebellion | ||
1516–1521 | Trần Cảo Rebellion | Lê dynasty | Vietnamese peasants under Trần Cảo and Trần Cung | Suppression of the rebellion, though Lê dynasty is severely weakened | [28] | |
1524–1525 | German Peasants' War | Swabian League | German peasants | Suppression of the rebellion | ||
1524–1533 | Dalecarlian Rebellions | Sweden | Dalarna peasants | Suppression of the rebellion | ||
1525 | Palatine Peasants' War | Electoral Palatinate | Palatine peasants | Suppression of the rebellion | ||
1534 | Skipper Clement's Rebellion | Christian III Kingdom of Denmark | Danish Peasants under Skipper Clement Christian II | Suppression of the rebellion | ||
1540 | Peasant's Rebellion in Telemark | Denmark–Norway | Norwegian peasants | Suppression of the rebellion | ||
1542–1543 | Dacke War | Sweden | Småland peasants | Suppression of the rebellion | [29] | |
1549 | Kett's Rebellion | Kingdom of England | English peasants | Suppression of the rebellion | ||
1573 | Croatian–Slovene Peasant Revolt | Holy Roman Empire | Slovene peasants Croatian peasants | Suppression of the rebellion | [30] | |
1596–1597 | Cudgel War | Sweden | Finnish peasants | Suppression of the rebellion | [31] | |
1606–1607 | Bolotnikov Rebellion | Tsardom of Russia | Russian peasants | Suppression of the rebellion | ||
1626–1636 | Peasants' War in Upper Austria | Electorate of Bavaria | Austrian peasants | Suppression of the rebellion | [32] | |
1630–1645 | Rebellion of Li Zicheng | Ming dynasty (1630–1644) Qing Dynasty (1644–1645) | Peasants under Li Zicheng, Gao Guiying and other generals of the Shun dynasty | Collapse of Ming dynasty, but suppression of the rebellion by Qing dynasty | ||
1630–1647 | Rebellion of Zhang Xianzhong | Ming dynasty (1630–1644) Qing Dynasty (1644–1647) | Peasants and bandits under Zhang Xianzhong | Collapse of Ming dynasty, but suppression of the rebellion by Qing dynasty | [33] | |
1637–1638 | Shimabara Rebellion | Tokugawa shogunate Dutch Empire | Christian peasants and rōnin | Suppression of the rebellion | [34] | |
1651 | Kostka-Napierski Uprising | Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth | Polish peasants | Suppression of the rebellion | [35] | |
1652 | Guo Huaiyi Rebellion | Dutch East India Company Aboriginal Taiwanese | Chinese peasants | Suppression of the rebellion | ||
1653 | Swiss peasant war of 1653 | Republic of the Swiss | Swiss peasants | Suppression of the rebellion | [36] | |
1667–1671 | Spepan Razin Rebellion | Tsardom of Russia | Russian peasants Don Cossacks | Suppression of the rebellion | [37] | |
1669–1670 | Peasant Rebellion in Podhale | Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth | Polish peasants | Suppression of the rebellion | [38] | |
1705–1706 | Bavarian People's Uprising | Habsburg Monarchy | Bavarian peasants | Suppression of the rebellion | ||
1707–1708 | Bulavin Rebellion | Tsardom of Russia | Russian peasants Don Cossacks | Suppression of the rebellion | ||
1730–1769 | Peasant revolts for the restoration of the Lê dynasty and land reforms | Trịnh lords Nguyễn lords | Vietnamese peasants Lê dynasty | Suppression of the rebellions and eventual collapse of Lê dynasty, but start of Tây Sơn Revolt | ||
1768–1769 | Koliyivshchyna | Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth Russian Empire | Haidamaka movement | Suppression of the rebellion | ||
1769–1788 | Tây Sơn Revolt | Nguyễn lords (until 1776) Nguyễn Ánh's forces (since 1776) Trịnh lords (until 1786) Siam (in 1785) Lê dynasty (1786-1788) Qing Dynasty (1787-1788) | Tây Sơn dynasty | Goal of the rebellion achieved; reunification of Vietnam and introduction of land reforms under Tây Sơn dynasty | ||
1773–1775 | Pugachev's Rebellion | Russian Empire | Russian peasants Don Cossacks | Suppression of the rebellion | [39] | |
1784 | Revolt of Horea, Cloșca and Crișan | Austrian Empire | Romanian peasants | Suppression of the rebellion | [40] | |
1790 | Saxon Peasants' Revolt | Saxony | Saxon peasants | Suppression of the rebellion | [41] | |
1793–1796 | War in the Vendée | French Republic | Catholic and Royal Army Chouan rebels Émigrés Great Britain | Suppression of the rebellion | ||
1793–1804 | Chouannerie | French Republic | Chouan rebels Catholic and Royal Army Émigrés Great Britain | Suppression of the rebellion | ||
1794 | Kościuszko Uprising | Russian Empire Kingdom of Prussia Polish loyalists | Polish nationalist nobility Kosynierzy Polish Jacobins | Suppression of the rebellion | [42] | |
1794–1804 | White Lotus Rebellion | Qing Dynasty | White Lotus rebels | Suppression of the rebellion | ||
1798 | Peasants' War | French Republic | Low countries peasants | Suppression of the rebellion | [43] | |
1809 | Tyrolean Rebellion | French Empire Bavaria Saxony Napoleonic Italy | Tyrolean peasants Austria | Suppression of the rebellion | ||
1809 | Gottscheer Rebellion | First French Empire | Gottschee German peasants Slovene peasants | Suppression of the rebellion | ||
1834 | Palestinian Peasant Revolt | Egypt Eyalet | Palestinian peasants | Suppression of the rebellion | [44] | |
1846 | Galician slaughter | Austrian Empire | Kosynierzy | Suppression of the rebellion | [45] | |
1850–1864 | Taiping Rebellion | Qing Dynasty | Taiping Heavenly Kingdom | Suppression of the rebellion | ||
1858 | Mahtra War | Russian Empire | Estonian peasants | Suppression of the rebellion | [46] | |
1884 | Chichibu Incident | Japan | Japanese peasants | Suppression of the rebellion | ||
1894–1895 | Donghak Peasant Revolution | Japan Joseon Dynasty | Korean peasants | Suppression of the rebellion | ||
1896–1897 | War of Canudos | First Brazilian Republic | Canudos inhabitants | Suppression of the rebellion | ||
1905-1908 | Maji Maji Rebellion | German East Africa | Matumbi people, Ngoni people, and other Tanganyikans | Suppression of the rebellion | [47] | |
1907 | 1907 Romanian Peasants' Revolt | Kingdom of Romania | Romanian peasants | Suppression of the rebellion | ||
1913 | Peasant revolt in Northern Shaanxi | Republic of China | Chinese poppy farmers and bandits under a sect leader | Spread of the revolt; poppy plant eradication campaign stopped | [48] | |
1914 | Peasant Revolt in Albania | Principality of Albania Catholic Militia | Muslim peasants | Suppression of the rebellion | ||
1916 | Urkun | Russian Empire | Kyrgyz and Kazakh peasants | Suppression of the rebellion | [49] | |
1918 | Arsk Uprising | Russian SFSR | Tatar peasants | Suppression of the rebellion | ||
1920–1921 | Tambov Rebellion | Russian SFSR | Green armies | Suppression of the rebellion | [50] | |
1921 | Malabar rebellion | British India | Indian peasants | Suppression of the rebellion | [51] | |
1927 | Autumn Harvest Uprising | Republic of China | Hunan Soviet | Suppression of the rebellion | ||
1932 | Salvadoran peasant massacre | El Salvador | Salvadoran peasants | Suppression of the rebellion | ||
1932 | Lesko uprising | Republic of Poland | Polish peasants | Suppression of the rebellion | [52] | |
1932 | Peasant uprising against poppy-tax collection in Su County | Republic of China Kuomintang members and allied gentry | Chinese poppy farmers and gentry under Wang Xiaobai and Ma Fengshan | Suppression of the rebellion | [53] | |
1932 | Peasant uprising against poppy-tax collection in Lingbi County | Republic of China | Chinese poppy farmers under Tian Xuemin | Goal of the rebellion achieved | [54] | |
1944 | Peasant revolt in Beichuan County | Republic of China | Chinese poppy farmers of Xiaoyuan and Houyuan | Goal of the rebellion achieved | [55] | |
1946–1951 | Tebhaga movement | Bengal landlords | Bengal peasants (All India Kisan Sabha) Communist Party of India | Goal of the rebellion partially achieved | [56] | |
1946–1951 | Telangana Rebellion | Razakars Hyderabad landlords Hyderabad State | Hyderabad peasants (Andhra Mahasabha) Communist Party of India | Goal of the rebellion achieved | [57] | |
1950 | Cazin rebellion | Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia | Yugoslavian peasants | Suppression of the rebellion | [58] | |
1959–1965 | War against the Bandits | Republic of Cuba | Cuban peasants Batista loyalists DRE United States | Suppression of the rebellion | ||
1968-1969 | Agbekoya | Nigeria | Yoruba peasants | Goal of the rebellion achieved | ||
1970s | 1970s peasant revolts in Thailand | Thailand | Thai peasants | Peasant leaders assassinated | ||
1975–1991 | Uprisings in Tigray and Eritrea; part of the Ethiopian Civil War | Ethiopia | Tigrayan and Eritrean peasants | Derg overthrown; Eritrean independence | [59] | |
See also
References
- ↑ Frantisek Graus (5 February 2008). "The Late Medieval Peasant Wars". Retrieved 22 October 2014.
- ↑ Theda Skocpol (April 1982). "Review: What Makes Peasants Revolutionary?" (PDF). Retrieved 22 October 2014.
- ↑ [lang=1&cHash=f8911ce32f21435e54b5720e3e9db0f7 "Peasant Rebellions"]. Danmarkshistorien-Aarhus University. Retrieved 20 October 2014.
- ↑ "Chen Sheng and Wu Guang's Revolt Against Qin". Retrieved 22 October 2014.
- ↑ "The great revolt of the Egyptians (205–186 BC)". Retrieved 8 June 2015.
- ↑ Dio Cassius, Epitome 72
- ↑ Ulrich Theobald (28 June 2011). "The Yellow Turban Uprising". Retrieved 22 October 2014.
- ↑ Baldwin, p. 3-11.
- ↑ Somers, p. 688-692.
- ↑ Somers, p. 727-736.
- ↑ Somers, p. 727-762.
- ↑ Kazhdan 1991, pp. 268–269
- ↑ "Die Nördliche Song-Dynastie". Retrieved 17 June 2015.
- ↑ Andreev, p. 221-228.
- ↑ Vahtre, p. 79-90.
- ↑ Sumption, p. 444.
- ↑ Thomson, p. 195-297.
- ↑ Hicks, p. 33-55.
- ↑ Cheetham, p. 218.
- ↑ Rotger, 2011, p. 26-33.
- ↑ Štih, Peter (2000). "Kmečki upor na slovenskem Koroškem" [The Peasant Revolt in Slovene Carinthia]. In Vidic, Marko. Ilustrirana zgodovina Slovencev [The Illustrated History of the Slovenes] (in Slovenian). Mladinska knjiga. p. 132. ISBN 86-11-15664-1.
- ↑ Berry, p. 37-44.
- ↑ Sugiyama 1994, p. 62.
- ↑ Otani, p. 609-612.
- ↑ "Der Aufstad des Armen Konrad". Gechichtsverein Kongen. 2013. Retrieved 22 October 2014.
- ↑ "Dózsa Rebellion". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 22 October 2014.
- ↑ Štih, Peter (2000). "Slovenski kmečki upor" [The Slovene Peasant Revolt]. In Vidic, Marko. Ilustrirana zgodovina Slovencev [The Illustrated History of the Slovenes] (in Slovenian). Mladinska knjiga. p. 142. ISBN 86-11-15664-1.
- ↑ Cooke, Vietnamese Confucianization, pp. 289–292.
- ↑ "Dacke War". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 22 October 2014.
- ↑ "Губеца Матии восстание 1573". Большая Советская Энциклопедия. Retrieved 22 October 2014.
- ↑ Veli Niinimaa. "Jaakko Ilkka". Retrieved 22 October 2014.
- ↑ "Bauernaufstände in Oberösterreich – Einleitung". Verbundes Oberösterreichischer Museen (in German). Retrieved 14 August 2013.
- ↑ "Chang Hsien-chung". Eminent Chinese of the Ch'ing Period. Qing Research Portal, Dartmouth College. Retrieved 22 June 2015.
- ↑ Murray, Japan, pp. 258–262.
- ↑ Majda, p. 17-30.
- ↑ Suter, p. 146-155.
- ↑ Avrich, Paul (1976). Russian Rebels, 1600-1800. New York: Schocken Books. pp. 83–117. ISBN 9780393008364.
- ↑ Jacek Pędzimąż (17 May 2009). "Rzeczpospolita Podhalańska 1669/1670". Retrieved 21 June 2015.
- ↑ Forster, Robert (1970). Preconditions of Revolution in Early Modern Europe. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins. pp. 163–181.
- ↑ Pascu, p. 534-537.
- ↑ "Sächsischer Bauernaufstand 1790". Bauerkriege. 28 June 2011. Retrieved 20 June 2015.
- ↑ Żygulski; Wielecki, p. 49.
- ↑ Kreins, p. 66-70
- ↑ Manna, 2009, p. 85-96.
- ↑ Jerzy Lukowski; Hubert Zawadzki (6 July 2006). A Concise History of Poland. Cambridge University Press. p. 170. ISBN 978-0-521-85332-3. Retrieved 4 April 2013.
- ↑ Raun, p. 45-60.
- ↑ Iliffe, p. 68-176.
- ↑ Bianco, p. 110.
- ↑ Bruce Pannier (2 August 2006). "Kyrgyzstan: Victims Of 1916 'Urkun' Tragedy Commemorated". RFE/RL. Retrieved 2006-08-02.
- ↑ Pipes, p. 374-386.
- ↑ "Battle of Pookottur commemorated". The Hindu (Chennai, India). 27 August 2009. Retrieved 20 June 2015.
- ↑ Głuszko, p. 71-79.
- ↑ Bianco, p. 76-96.
- ↑ Bianco, p. 76-96.
- ↑ Wakabayashi; Brook, p. 110.
- ↑ Majumdar, p. 13.
- ↑ "Hyderabad 1948: India's hidden massacre". BBC News. 24 September 2013. Retrieved 20 June 2015.
- ↑ "Dokumentarni film o Cazinskoj buni na cazin.NET". Cazin. 6 May 2012. Retrieved 11 February 2014.
- ↑ John Young, Peasant Revolution in Ethiopia: The Tigray People's Liberation Front, 1975–1991 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997).
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