Portland Aerial Tram

Portland Aerial Tram
View over the river from one tram while the other passes in the opposite direction.
Overview
Status Operational
Character Bi-cable aerial tramway
Location Portland, Oregon
Termini South Waterfront neighborhood
OHSU Hospital
No. of stations 2
Open December 15, 2006 (2006-12-15)
Website http://gobytram.com/
Operation
Owner City of Portland
Operator Oregon Health & Science University
Ridership 3,370/day[note 1][1]
Technical features
Operating speed 22 mph

The Portland Aerial Tram or OHSU Tram is an aerial tramway in Portland, Oregon, carrying commuters between the city's South Waterfront district and the main Oregon Health & Science University (OHSU) campus, located in the Marquam Hill neighborhood. It is one of only two commuter aerial tramways in the United States, the other being New York City's Roosevelt Island Tramway.[2] The tram travels a horizontal distance of 3,300 feet (1,000 m) and a vertical distance of 500 feet (150 m) in a ride that lasts three minutes.[3]

The tram was jointly funded by OHSU, the City of Portland, and by South Waterfront property owners, with most of the funding coming from OHSU. It is owned by the city and operated by OHSU. While most passengers are affiliated with OHSU, it is open to the public and operated as part of Portland's public transportation network that includes the Portland Streetcar, MAX Light Rail, and TriMet buses. After opening in December 2006, the tram carried its one millionth passenger on October 17, 2007[4] and its ten millionth rider on January 8, 2014.[1] A round-trip ticket costs $4.50 but are free for OHSU patients and certain visitors; OHSU employees and students ride free by showing their ID badges.[5]

The tram cost $57 million to build—a nearly fourfold increase over initial cost estimates, which was one of several sources of controversy concerning the project.[6]

Description

Route

Routes, features
  Tram route
  Driving route (down)
  Driving route (up)
  Interstate freeway
  OHSU campus
  Traffic signal

 Elevation
  700 feet (210 m)
  500 feet (150 m) to 700 ft
  300 feet (90 m) to 500 ft
  200 feet (60 m) to 300 ft
  100 feet (30 m) to 200 ft
  0 to 100 ft

Tram's route goes over three major highways, an interstate, and several neighborhoods. Westbound driving route is cyan where it differs from the eastbound route.

The tram consists of two stations and a single intermediate tower. Two tram cars operate in a pendular mode on parallel track ropes and are pulled in unison by a haul rope which is driven by an engine at the lower terminal; when one car is at the upper terminal, the other is at the lower terminal, and vice versa.[7] The lower station is located beside an OHSU facility in the South Waterfront neighborhood, adjacent to a stop on the Portland Streetcar line, which connects the South Waterfront neighborhood with downtown Portland. The upper station is located adjacent to OHSU Hospital, on the university's Marquam Hill campus. The two stations are exactly east and west of each other separated by a horizontal distance of 3,300 feet (5/8 mi, 1 km) and a vertical distance of 500 feet (150 m). The maximum vertical clearance between the tram and the ground is 175 feet (53.4 m).[8]

The tram route crosses over Interstate 5 as well as major thoroughfares such as Barbur Boulevard, Oregon Route 10 (Naito Parkway), and Oregon Route 43 (Macadam Avenue). The intermediate tower is located east of Interstate 5 close to the South Waterfront station. As a result of this configuration, much of the journey is significantly elevated above the ground, making the tram easily visible for some distance, and providing tram riders with good views of the eastern metropolitan area and the Cascade Mountains of Oregon and Washington. The alternative to riding the tram is via public roadways which require a 1.9-mile (3.1-km) route with numerous stoplights and intersections.[9] This route includes a short stretch of busy U.S. Route 26, as well as twisty Sam Jackson Park Road which ascends the side of the Tualatin Mountains to the hospital campus.

Structures and cabling

The terminal at South Waterfront

The lower (South Waterfront) station houses the tram's engines in a reinforced concrete basement[7] and also has ticketing facilities and the control room.[10]

The upper station is a freestanding steel and concrete tower 140 feet above grade and houses the tram's counterweight. It is structurally separate from nearby OHSU Hospital and connects to the hospital's ninth floor via a skybridge over SW Campus Drive, which winds through the middle of the University. Structural separation between the tram and the hospital is necessary to avoid vibrations from tram machinery interfering with delicate microsurgery performed in the hospital.[11]

The 197-foot (60 m) intermediate tower allows the tram to gain elevation quickly once leaving the lower station to provide adequate clearance over Interstate 5. The tower is 22 feet wide and 20 feet long at its base (6.7 m by 6 m), 8 feet by 8 feet (2.4 m by 2.4 m) at its narrowest point—nearly two-thirds up the tower—and 32 feet by 8 feet (9.8 m by 2.4m) at the top. It rests on a pier cap 5 feet (1.5 m) thick supported by 35 piers.[7] The tower was fabricated in nearby Vancouver, Washington, and barged in three pieces up the Willamette River.[12]

Nearly 1,250 tons of steel and 450 tons of concrete are in the two platforms and the intermediate tower; the lateral loads on the upper platform range from 500,000 to 800,000 pounds (2.2 million to 3.6 million newtons) of force.[7]

Each tram car travels on a pair of 2 inch (49 mm) steel track ropes, totaling four cables. The track ropes combined are tensioned at over one million pounds (4.4 million newtons). A fifth cable—the haul rope—is a continuous loop which winds around the drive bullwheel at the lower station, connects to one car, winds through a counterweighted bullwheel at the upper station, then to the other car, before joining itself.[13] The haul rope length is over 7000 feet (2100 m).[14]

Cars

The Portland Aerial Tram's interior

The tram cars each weigh approximately 12 tons, with cabin dimensions of 25 feet by 11 feet (7.5 m by 3.3 m). Each car has a capacity of over 13 tons and there is sufficient room in the cabin for 78 passengers and one operator.[15] The tram cars were built by Gangloff Switzerland[16] in Bern and were shaped and painted to look like the architectural firm's vision of "bubbles floating through the sky". The surface of the cabins reflects and refracts light, minimizing their visual impact to the neighborhood underneath.[17][18] The north and south cars are named Jean and Walt,[19] respectively, after Jean Richardson, the first female engineering graduate from Oregon State University, and Walt Reynolds, the first African-American to graduate from OHSU, then known as the University of Oregon Medical School.[20]

Drive and safety systems

The tram is propelled by three independent drive systems. The primary drive is a 450 kilowatt (600 hp) variable-frequency electric motor. Two hydrostatic diesel engines are also part of the design: one is a standby drive, permitting operation during a power outage; the other is an emergency evacuation drive.[21] A 40-ton counterweight offsets the weight of the cars.[22] The tram is capable of operating at speeds up to 22 miles per hour (35 km per hour).

In addition to the redundant drive system, the tram has numerous other design features intended to ensure the safety of passengers and persons on the ground under its route. Communications systems permit the tram car operators to communicate with the control room. Automatic supervisory and control systems monitor the condition of the ropes and the drive systems. The tram was designed to safely operate in the earthquake-prone Pacific Northwest, with a structural design exceeding U.S earthquake standards,[23] and operate in sustained winds of up to 50 mph (80 km/h).[8]

Operational information

The tram operates from Monday through Friday from 5:30 AM to 9:30 PM and on Saturdays from 9:00 AM to 5:00 PM, Pacific Time. The tram is closed on Sundays and major holidays, except afternoon summer Sunday service is available.[24] The fare is $4.50 per round trip, collected when traveling from South Waterfront to Marquam Hill. The tram is free for OHSU employees, students, patients, and visitors. An annual pass is available for $100. Tri-Met, C-Tran, and Portland Streetcar passes are honored.[5] A ride on the tram normally lasts three minutes.[3]

Transportation officials originally estimated the tram would carry over 1,500 people a day, a figure that was expected to rise to 5,500 by 2030.[25] Those initial estimates proved to be conservative: the tram attracted one million riders in its first 10½ months of operation,[4] and has averaged 3,370 riders daily on an annualized basis as of January 8, 2014.[note 1]

History

The intermediate tram support tower under construction. The tower is adjacent to the northbound lanes of Interstate 5.

In late 2001, OHSU purchased property in the South Waterfront (then known as North Macadam) area, with plans to expand there. After studying several ways, including shuttle buses, gondola lifts, tunnels, and even funiculars, to connect OHSU's primary campus on Marquam Hill with this area of planned expansion, the university sought city support of an aerial tram.[26]

Planning and design

In early 2002, Portland Aerial Transportation, Inc. (PATI) was formed as a non-profit board.[27] One of its first public actions was to request the Portland Bureau of Transportation (at the time known as the Portland Office of Transportation, and abbreviated as PDOTsic) to undertake an independent analysis of the connectivity options considered earlier by the university and its development supporters. In May 2002, the city council accepted PDOT's process proposal and also accepted PATI as the project sponsor. PDOT's assessment led to the same conclusion OHSU had reached earlier: an aerial tram was the preferred approach. PDOT also recommended a second tram linking the Marquam Hill area with a nearby transit center on SW Barbur Boulevard. In July 2002, the city council accepted PDOT's recommendations and asked PDOT and PATI to proceed to the design phase, including a design competition.[28] Both were also asked to work with residents of the affected neighborhoods to identify ways to mitigate the tram's impact and identify other desired neighborhood improvements which should accompany the project. One of the results of that process was the Gibbs Street Pedestrian Bridge, which was completed mid-2012.

The design competition started out by identifying four firms which would participate in the contest. The competition officially began in January 2003, with firms from New York City, Amsterdam, and Los Angeles/Zurich as finalists. The winner, Los Angeles/Zurich-based Angélil / Graham / Pfenninger / Scholl, was announced on March 26, 2003.[29] In November, PATI chose Doppelmayr CTEC to design, fabricate and install the tram. The first public review of the project's status was November 2003.

Construction and opening

Construction began in August 2005, with work on both platforms and the intermediate tower occurring through the summer of that year. The bulk of the construction occurred in 2006. Installation of the engines and other equipment occurred during the spring and early summer of 2006, which was followed by installation of the cables during the late summer and early fall.[30]

On October 29, 2006, the tram's two cars arrived from Switzerland after a week-long delay.[31] An inaugural run of the tram was conducted on November 9, 2006.[32] Four tram construction workers were the first to test ride the tram while harnessed to the roof and suspending arm. Testing on the tram continued through November.[30] The tram opened to OHSU employees on December 15, 2006.[33] The tram opened to the public on January 27, 2007.[34]

Funding and cost overruns

The project suffered significant cost overruns during its construction. Final cost was nearly four times the initial estimate, a development that nearly led to the tram's cancellation mid-construction. Operating costs are nearly twice original projections.[14] When the city approved the tram project, it was understood that OHSU would pay for most of it.[35] While the taxpayer share has grown, OHSU paid for 85% of the total cost of the tram though it is operated as public transit facility.[6]

Initial estimates and funding

The initial budget for the tram, published in November 2002, was $15.5 million, excluding "soft costs" such as project management and architect's fees.[36] Funding sources for the $15.5 million include a direct $4 million cash contribution from OHSU, $9.5 from local improvement districts set up to fund tram construction, of which OHSU's share is $4.8 million, and $2 million from the city of Portland, via the Portland Development Commission. Other property owners in the South Waterfront Local Improvement District pay the remaining $3.7 million.

In April 2004, the second public review was held to present project recommendations prior to a May review by the city council. The costs by then were estimated to be $28.5 million, including soft costs. The city's share at that time was $3.5 million.[36] In April 2005, the price was readjusted again to $40 million[36] with a construction delay of six months. Higher steel costs, weakening US dollars, and engineering modifications were blamed. By October, The Oregonian reported that steel costs had led to bids pushing the project's price (with contingency funds) to $45 million. The increased cost was expected to be met through South Waterfront urban renewal contributions which would have otherwise been spent on streets and parks.[37]

Review of the project

A tram car docking with the upper terminal

In January 2006, Portland city commissioner Sam Adams, who inherited the city's oversight of the project, undertook several actions in response to spiraling costs. The executive director of PATI was ousted,[38] and a month-long independent audit and risk assessment was undertaken; its results were published February 1, 2006. By this point, construction was over one third completed.[39]

The audit revealed that OHSU managers knew as early as 2003 that the tram would cost well in excess of the original $15.5 million figure, partially due to a change in location of the upper terminal to accommodate planned hospital construction, but had withheld that information from city leaders. This resulted in harsh public criticism of OHSU management, with city commissioner Randy Leonard accusing the university leadership of an "outrageous shell game...all at the expense of taxpayers".[40] As a result, the city of Portland threatened to withdraw funding from the tram mid-construction, which would probably have scuttled the project. OHSU protested vigorously, threatening a lawsuit should the tram be canceled, and claimed the city was responsible for making up any budget shortfall.[41] Negotiations between the city, OHSU, and the contractors ensued, with a revised funding plan and budget being agreed upon in April 2006, by a 3-2 vote of the city council.[42] This revised funding plan required concessions from all parties involved, and called for a final budget of $57 million, with contributions from the city at $8.5 million, or nearly 15% of the overall budget.[43] This final budget was met.

Operating costs

The tram's operating costs are also higher than expected. Originally, it was expected to cost $915,000 annually, but is now expected to be $1,700,000. As a result, the fare—originally estimated at $1.70—is set at $4.50, about the same as an all day ticket on Tri-Met ($5.00).[44] The fare is waived for OHSU employees, students, patients, and visitors, and those with transit passes on Tri-Met, C-Tran express passes (for routes going to Downtown Portland from Vancouver) or the Portland Streetcar.[14] Operating costs are divided between the city and OHSU in proportion to the ridership. (If 85% of passengers are OHSU-related, OHSU pays 85% of the operating cost.)[45]

Community response

Even prior to the cost increases which plagued the design and construction of the tram, the project has been subject to criticism from the public. Many residents in the neighborhoods under the tram's route object to the tram's presence. The cost increases themselves, and the perceived machinations of public officials, have been controversial. Some consider the project an unworthy use of public funds at any price, either due to a lack of benefit for those not associated with OHSU, or due to opposition to such projects in general.

Objections from underlying neighborhoods

Auld's controversial protest banner, viewed from the tram itself.

Many residents of the Corbett-Terwilliger and Lair Hill neighborhoods, over which the tram passes, were concerned the cars would be an invasion of privacy and lead to lower property values.[46] Initially, residents were promised that overhead power lines would be buried as part of the project, but as cost overruns mounted, this plan was scrapped.[47] Neighborhood opponents of the tram have cited other reasons for opposing the tram's construction, including the fact that the North Corbett neighborhood is a historic district listed on the National Register of Historic Places.[48] Some residents filed a lawsuit against the city and OHSU, claiming that they own the "airspace" above their properties.[49] The city later offered to purchase homes directly under the tram route at fair market value.[49]

Even after its completion, the tram remains unpopular with some living underneath its route. In April 2007, homeowner Justin Auld, living under the tram route, placed a sign on his roof stating "FUCK THE TRAM" in large block letters. The sign is not visible from the street, only from the air. Officials had looked into whether or not the sign violated any laws.[50] The publicity surrounding the sign prompted city officials to quietly negotiate with the homeowner,[51] and the sign has since been moved and the expletive covered.[52]

Concerns over the cost

Both OHSU and the city of Portland have taken much public criticism for ballooning development costs. Local television station KATU questioned the relative price of the Portland tram compared to a new tram at Jackson Hole Mountain Resort, which was built by the same company, and (as of 2007) was projected to carry 28 percent more passengers three and a half times the distance and eight times the height, but costing only $25 million.[6][53][54]

The tram's supporters, however, claimed that many of the increases are justified, or due to circumstances beyond the developers' control. The auditor's report, commissioned in 2006, complimented the tram as "a dramatic, one-of-a-kind facility that will become a Portland landmark," and noted that the design was difficult to construct, requiring the tall, thin, complex tower and the tall, heavily loaded upper terminal to be built within very tight tolerances.[55]

Special risks cited include:

In addition, it has been claimed that the re-planning delayed the tram's completion. One of the designers of the tram noted that "if we added up all the times we went back to try to save money, we probably lost a year. Maybe we saved $2 million, but what did we lose? If we had an extra year, that would have meant a lot."[56]

Concerns over corporate welfare

The upper station with OHSU Hospital on the left

Some critics cite the tram as an example of corporate welfare for OHSU with limited public benefit.[57] A 2001 study done by OHSU prior to the tram's being designed projected that the tram would have 4,700 riders per day by 2030, with less than one fifth (850) of those being non-OHSU users.[35] While the lower station has easy public access, access to the upper station requires navigating through the OHSU hospital. The Cascade Policy Institute, a local libertarian research group, criticized the project for being "railroaded through the political process by small groups of private interests", and expressed doubt that tram construction would lead to new jobs.[58]

Others argue that while the issues of increasing public costs are real, the importance of continued growth of OHSU for the city's economy must be factored in as well. Not only is it the largest employer in the city, but OHSU is an important and effective vehicle to attract both federal funding,[59] totaling more than 168 million dollars for 2005, and a highly skilled workforce to the area. The growth in the current campus on the Marquam Hill is limited by access roads and parking, an expansion of which would likely cause more dramatic harm to the surrounding communities.[60]

Architectural and visual impacts

The tram has been praised for its visual impact. Critic Jeff Jahn of PortlandArt.net called the tram "the most significant new piece of architecture to be added to Portland since Michael Graves' Portland Building in 1980".[61] The tram has also won several architectural awards, including the American Institute of Architects' Los Angeles chapter’s 2006 NEXT Honor Award, and the 2007 Presidential Award of Excellence from the American Institute of Steel Construction.[62]

According to city commissioner Adams, a cheaper alternative which would have changed the tower's designs to a lattice style used in electrical transmission towers, was not considered because the result would look like an "ugly ski lift at a bad ski resort"[63] and leave the city with what Adams called an "ugly postcard" that could last 100 years.[63] Critics of the tram have also expressed concern over the tram's spoiling views for the homeowners from the city's West Hills, particularly from Gibbs Street, under the tram.[48]

Notes

  1. 1 2 Rounded up from 3368.13742, based on ten million riders in the 2969 days from 2006-12-15 to 2014-01-08.

References

  1. 1 2 "Ten Millionth Rider". gobytram.com. January 30, 2014. Retrieved 2014-02-17.
  2. ↑ "Portland's commuter tram offers postcard views of Mount St. Helens, Mount Hood". International Herald Tribune Americas. March 4, 2007. Retrieved 2007-03-10.
  3. 1 2 "The Portland Aerial Tram". Portland Office of Transportation. Retrieved 2006-11-15.
  4. 1 2 "Tram Carries Its Millionth Passenger". KPTV. October 17, 2007. Retrieved 2007-10-17.
  5. 1 2 "Portland Aerial Tram Fares and Schedules". gobytram.com. Retrieved 2014-02-17.
  6. 1 2 3 Brian Barker (January 9, 2007). "Tram ride will now set you back $4". KATU. Retrieved 2007-10-23.
  7. 1 2 3 4 Murat Melek, Edwin Shlemon, Atila Zekioglu, Steve Carter (March 2007). "Portland Aerial Transportation, Inc" (pdf). Structure Magazine: 34–36. Retrieved 2008-11-13.
  8. 1 2 "Portland aerial tram". Arup engineering website. Retrieved 2009-11-30.
  9. ↑ Richardson, Bob (December 20, 2006). "Tram visit anecdotes and other observations". portlandtransport.com. Retrieved 2007-10-22.
  10. ↑ Heather Livingston (July 13, 2007). "An unusual solution for urban transportation". AIArchitect Projects of Note. American Institute of Architects. Retrieved 2007-10-22.
  11. ↑ "Portland Aerial Tram". Architectural Record. August 2007. Retrieved 2007-10-22.
  12. ↑ "Portland Aerial Tram Updates". OHSU. Retrieved 2007-10-22.
  13. ↑ "Portland Aerial Tram Rope Pulling Fact Sheet". City of Portland. Retrieved 2007-10-22.
  14. 1 2 3 Yardley, William (January 29, 2007). "City That Loves Mass Transit Looks to the Sky for More". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 2013-06-26. Retrieved 2014-02-17.
  15. ↑ "Portland Aerial Tram - About". Retrieved 6 March 2016.
  16. ↑ "Gangloff website".
  17. ↑ "'Soap bubble' OHSU tram cabins head for Portland". KATU. Retrieved 2006-11-15.
  18. ↑ "Cabin fever: The Portland Aerial Tram's cable cars have been shipped from Europe". Portland Tribune. September 12, 2006. Retrieved 2012-11-15.
  19. ↑ http://www.gobytram.com/about/
  20. ↑ Jacks, Sean (January 19, 2007). "City chooses names for new aerial tramcars". KGW news. Archived from the original on September 27, 2007. Retrieved 2007-01-21.
  21. ↑ "The OHSU Portland Aerial Tramway". IEEE Oregon Section Blog. IEEE. September 14, 2007. Retrieved 2007-10-22.
  22. ↑ Randy Gragg (August 2007). "Portland Aerial Tram". Architectural Record. Retrieved 2010-05-22.
  23. ↑ "Tram Q&A". OHSU. Archived from the original on 2007-06-23. Retrieved 2007-10-22.
  24. ↑ "Portland Aerial Tram Fares and Schedules". Oregon Health & Science University. Retrieved 2009-03-08.
  25. ↑ Redden, Jim (July 6, 2006). "Pricey to build, what cost to ride?". Portland Tribune. Retrieved 2012-11-15.
  26. ↑ Portland Aerial Tram Citizens Advisory Commission (2004-06-10). "Portland Aerial Tram: Final Recommendations and Report". Portland Office of Transportation. Retrieved 2007-10-23.
  27. ↑ Aimee Curl (2003-03-27). "Portland chooses aerial tram design team". Daily Journal of Commerce. Retrieved 2015-05-11.
  28. ↑ "Consultant to plan tram design competition". Portland Business Journal. July 16, 2002. Retrieved 2007-10-23.
  29. ↑ "Project History/Background". Portland Office of Transportation. Retrieved 2006-11-16.
  30. 1 2 "Portland Aerial Tram Construction Timeline". City of Portland Office of Transportation. 2006. Retrieved 2007-10-22.
  31. ↑ Bradshaw, Nick (October 30, 2006). "Portland's tram cars arrive". KGW. Archived from the original on 2006-10-31. Retrieved 2006-11-15.
  32. ↑ "Crews test one of the new tram cars". KATU. November 9, 2006. Retrieved 2006-11-15.
  33. ↑ Rose, Joseph (December 16, 2006). "Fast-acting analgesic: the tram". The Oregonian. pp. B1.
  34. ↑ "OHSU tram makes its public debut". KATU news. Retrieved 2007-01-27.
  35. 1 2 Murphy, Todd (October 11, 2002). "Nice tram, who pays?". Portland Tribune. Retrieved 2007-10-23.
  36. 1 2 3 "Portland Aerial Tram Project Funding History" (PDF). Sam Adams. Retrieved 2006-11-15.
  37. ↑ Zach Dundas (May 12, 2004). "Foes fear tram flimflam". Willamette Week. Retrieved 2007-10-23.
  38. ↑ "Resignation letter" (PDF). January 20, 2006.
  39. ↑ Frank, Ryan (February 2, 2006). "Tram goes up again". The Oregonian.
  40. ↑ "No more city funding for Portland Aerial Tram". City of Portland. April 12, 2006. Retrieved 2007-10-20.
  41. ↑ "OHSU Insists City Continue Tram Construction". OHSU. April 6, 2004. Retrieved 2007-10-19.
  42. ↑ "Backgrounder Q & A On Tram Financing Package". OHSU. April 20, 2006.
  43. ↑ "Exhibit A: Final Portland Aerial Tram Funding Plan" (PDF). Portland City Commissioner Sam Adams. April 20, 2004. Retrieved 2007-10-19.
  44. ↑ "Tri-Met Fares". Tri-Met. Retrieved 20015-08-17. Check date values in: |access-date= (help)
  45. ↑ "Tram Q & A: Who will pay the continuing operation costs?". OHSU. Archived from the original on 2007-06-23. Retrieved 2007-10-29.
  46. ↑ Redden, Jim (May 3, 2005). "Tram OK lifts the gate on growth". Portland Tribune. Retrieved 2012-11-15.
  47. ↑ Murphy, Todd (November 4, 2005). "City, neighbors are poles apart". Portland Tribune. Retrieved 2012-11-15.
  48. 1 2 "No tram to OHSU: About the tram". notram.org. Archived from the original on 2007-10-12. Retrieved 2007-10-22.
  49. 1 2 Jennifer Anderson (2004-06-18). "Neighbors regroup as tram plan keeps flying". Portland Tribune. Retrieved 2012-11-15.
  50. ↑ "Homeowner's sign drops f-bomb on people riding the OHSU tram". KATU. April 26, 2007.
  51. ↑ "Man explains why he made f-bomb tram sign". KATU. April 26, 2007. Retrieved 2007-05-29.
  52. ↑ "F-bomb sign moved, profane word hidden". KATU. April 27, 2007. Retrieved 2007-05-29.
  53. ↑ "Tram Facts and History". Jackson Hole Mountain Resort. Archived from the original on 2007-08-14. Retrieved 2007-11-20.
  54. ↑ "New Tram Announcement Press Release". Jackson Hole Mountain Resort. August 9, 2006. Archived from the original on 2007-10-20. Retrieved 2007-11-20.
  55. 1 2 "Portland Aerial Tram Risk Assessment Report" (PDF). PinnellBusch. February 1, 2006. Retrieved 2007-10-22.
  56. ↑ Gragg, Randy (February 18, 2007). "Designing for dollars with the tram". The Oregonian. pp. O6.
  57. ↑ Dundas, Zach (April 21, 2004). "The Lady and the Tram". Willamette Week. Retrieved 2006-11-15.
  58. ↑ John A. Charles (2002-07-16). "OHSU Tram: Forward into the past!". Retrieved 2007-10-23.
  59. ↑ "NIH Awards to Medical Schools by Rank". National Institutes of Health.
  60. ↑ Kathleen McFall and Jim Enright. "Constructing the Present, Building the Future (OHSU Master Facilities Plan)". Oregon Health & Science University. Retrieved 2007-10-18.
  61. ↑ Jeff Jahn (February 2, 2007). "21st century consciousness and Portland's Aerial Tram". portlandart.net. Retrieved 2007-10-23.
  62. ↑ "Tram wins national award for engineering excellence". OHSU. May 18, 2007. Retrieved 2007-10-22.
  63. 1 2 Adams, Sam. "Sam Adams's blog". Retrieved 2006-11-15.

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