Post-Ebola virus syndrome

Post-Ebola syndrome
Classification and external resources
ICD-10 B94.8

Post-Ebola virus syndrome (or Post-Ebola syndrome) is a post-viral syndrome affecting those who have recovered from infection with Ebola. It manifests as joint pain, muscle pain, chest pain, fatigue, hearing loss, hair loss, cessation of menstruation, and poor long term health. Some survivors report neurological issues including memory problems and anxiety attacks. Vision loss is also frequently reported, along with eye pain, inflammation, and blurred vision.[1] NEJM indicated that symptoms were lethargy, arthralgia, and alopecia, and also have experienced a vision loss of some degree, many of whom are close to being blind. There have been cases of uveitis.[2][3] It became more widely reported with the large number of survivors of the Ebola virus epidemic in West Africa.[4][5][6]

Symptoms/signs

Some of the characteristics of post-ebola syndrome are:[7][8]

Ethiology

Although there is some progress that may potentially help Ebola survivors, an adequate funding, and further research is required to help provide more answers about Post-Ebola Syndrome.[9] Studies from previous outbreaks reveal that the virus is able to survive for months after recovery in some parts of the body like eyes and testes, where the immune system cannot reach. Long-term sequelae continue for 2 years or longer after virus disease.[10]

Viral persistence

According to a review by Brainard, et al, Ebola virus was identified in almost 3 out of 4 seminal fluid samples ( 18 survivors) almost 4 months after initial infection, with the last positive samples being more than 6 months (203 days) after infection had occurred. [11]Another aspect of survivors of the Ebola virus, is that it could become sexually transmitted, as the virus is present in semen nine months after the individuals are declared free of Ebola.[12]

Diagnosis

In terms of diagnosis the individual may show sensitivity to light or eye redness when ocular problems are suspected. Neurologically the individual's coordination ,gait and frontal release signs should be observed.[8]

Management

In terms of management,it depends on the specific case by case diagnosis, if the individual indicates muscular-skeletal pain then paracetamol may be administered. If the individual presents with ocular problems, then prednisone and cyclopentolate may be used, according to WHO.[8]

See also

References

  1. ↑ Carod, Francisco (2015). "Post-Ebolavirus disease syndrome: what do we know?". Expert Review of Anti-infective Therapy. PMID 26293407. Retrieved 2015.
  2. ↑ Varkey, Jay B.; Shantha, Jessica G.; Crozier, Ian; Kraft, Colleen S.; Lyon, G. Marshall; Mehta, Aneesh K.; Kumar, Gokul; Smith, Justine R.; Kainulainen, Markus H.; Whitmer, Shannon; Ströher, Ute; Uyeki, Timothy M.; Ribner, Bruce S.; Yeh, Steven (7 May 2015). "Persistence of Ebola Virus in Ocular Fluid during Convalescence". New England Journal of Medicine: 150507125510001. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1500306. PMID 25950269.
  3. ↑ Epstein, Lauren (2015). "Post-Ebola Signs and Symptoms in U.S. Survivors". NEJM. Retrieved 2015.
  4. ↑ Neporent, Liz (2014-09-03). "'Post-Ebola Syndrome' Persists After Virus Is Cured, Doctor Says". ABC news. Retrieved 12 May 2015.
  5. ↑ Farge, Emma; Giahyue, James Harding (2015-02-04). "Free from Ebola, survivors complain of new syndrome". Dakar, Monrovia. Reuters. Retrieved 12 May 2015.
  6. ↑ Grady, Denise (2015-05-07). "After Nearly Claiming His Life, Ebola Lurked in a Doctor’s Eye". The New York Times. Retrieved 12 May 2015.
  7. ↑ "Post-Ebola Syndrome, Sierra Leone - Volume 22, Number 4—April 2016 - Emerging Infectious Disease journal - CDC". wwwnc.cdc.gov. Retrieved 2016-03-29.
  8. 1 2 3 "Clinical Care for Survivors of the Ebola Virus" (PDF). WHO.int. WHO. 2016. Retrieved 2016.
  9. ↑ "Ebola survivors: What happens next?". Foundation for Biomedical Research. Retrieved 8 July 2015.
  10. ↑ Clark, Daniel (2015). "Long-term sequelae after Ebola virus disease in Bundibugyo, Uganda: a retrospective cohort study". The Lancet. doi:10.1016/S1473-3099(15)70152-0. Retrieved 2015. – via ScienceDirect (Subscription may be required or content may be available in libraries.)
  11. ↑ Brainard, Julii; Pond, Katherine; Hooper, Lee; Edmunds, Kelly; Hunter, Paul (2016-02-29). "Presence and Persistence of Ebola or Marburg Virus in Patients and Survivors: A Rapid Systematic Review". PLOS Negl Trop Dis 10 (2): e0004475. doi:10.1371/journal.pntd.0004475. ISSN 1935-2735. PMC 4771830. PMID 26927697.
  12. ↑ "Preliminary study finds that Ebola virus fragments can persist in the semen of some survivors for at least nine months". WHO.int. WHO Regional office for Africa. 2015. Retrieved 2015.

Further reading

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