Postcholecystectomy syndrome
| Postcholecystectomy syndrome | |
|---|---|
| Classification and external resources | |
| Specialty | gastroenterology |
| ICD-10 | K91.5 |
| ICD-9-CM | 576.0 |
Postcholecystectomy syndrome describes the presence of abdominal symptoms after surgical removal of the gallbladder (cholecystectomy).
Symptoms of postcholecystectomy syndrome may include:[1]
- Dyspepsia, nausea, and vomiting.
- Flatulence, bloating, and diarrhea.
- Persistent pain in the upper right abdomen.[2]
Symptoms occur in about 5 to 40 percent of patients who undergo cholecystectomy,[3] and can be transient, persistent or lifelong.[4][5] The chronic condition is diagnosed in approximately 10% of postcholecystectomy cases.
The pain associated with postcholecystectomy syndrome is usually ascribed to either sphincter of Oddi dysfunction or to post-surgical adhesions.[6] A recent study[7] shows that postcholecystectomy syndrome can be caused by biliary microlithiasis.
Approximately 50% of cases are due to biliary causes such as remaining stone, biliary injury, dysmotility, and choledococyst. The remaining 50% are due to non-biliary causes. This is because upper abdominal pain and gallstones are both common but are not always related.
Chronic diarrhea in postcholecystectomy syndrome is a type of bile acid diarrhea (type 3).[5] This can be treated with a bile acid sequestrant like cholestyramine,[5] colestipol[4] or colesevelam,[8] which may be better tolerated.[9]
Diagnostics
- Ultrasound of the abdominal cavity.
- General and biochemical blood.
- Intravenous cholangiography.
- Esophagogastroduodenoscopy for examination of the stomach, duodenum and the area major duodenal papilla.
- Retrograde cholangiopancreatography.
- Analysis of biliary sludge obtained through endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP)
- SeHCAT or other test for bile acid diarrhea
Treatment
Some individuals may benefit from diet modification, such as a reduced fat diet, following cholecystectomy. The liver produces bile and the gallbladder acts as reservoir. From the gallbladder, bile enters the intestine in individual portions. In the absence of gallbladder, bile enters the intestine constantly, but in small quantities. Thus, it may be insufficient for digestion of fatty foods. Postcholecystectomy syndrome treatment depends on the identified violations that led to it. Typically, the patient is recommended dietary restriction table with fatty foods, enzyme preparations, antispasmodics, sometimes cholagogue.[10]
If the pain is caused by biliary microlithiasis, oral ursodeoxycholic acid can alleviate the condition.[7]
A trial of bile acid sequestrant therapy is recommended for bile acid diarrhea, preferably after accurate diagnosis.[4][9]
References
- ↑ nhs.uk, Complications of a gallbladder removal
- ↑ Lamberts MP, Lugtenberg M, Rovers MM, Roukema AJ, Drenth JP, Westert GP, van Laarhoven CJ (2013). "Persistent and de novo symptoms after cholecystectomy: a systematic review of cholecystectomy effectiveness". Surg Endosc 27 (3): 709–18. doi:10.1007/s00464-012-2516-9. PMID 23052498.
- ↑ "Postcholecystectomy syndrome". WebMD. Retrieved 2009-03-07.
- 1 2 3 Danley T, St Anna L (October 2011). "Clinical inquiry. Postcholecystectomy diarrhea: what relieves it?". The Journal of Family Practice 60 (10): 632c–d. PMID 21977493.
- 1 2 3 Sciarretta G, Furno A, Mazzoni M, Malaguti P (December 1992). "Post-cholecystectomy diarrhea: evidence of bile acid malabsorption assessed by SeHCAT test". The American Journal of Gastroenterology 87 (12): 1852–4. PMID 1449156.
- ↑ Hyvärinen H, Sipponen P, Silvennoinen E (December 1990). "Intestinal adhesions: an overlooked cause of the postcholecystectomy syndrome". Hepatogastroenterology 37 (Suppl 2): 58–61. PMID 2083937.
- 1 2 Okoro N, Patel A, Goldstein M, Narahari N, Cai Q (July 2008). "Ursodeoxycholic acid treatment for patients with postcholecystectomy pain and bile microlithiasis". Gastrointestinal Endoscopy 68 (1): 69–74. doi:10.1016/j.gie.2007.09.046. PMID 18577477.
- ↑ Odunsi-Shiyanbade ST, Camilleri M, McKinzie S, et al. (February 2010). "Effects of chenodeoxycholate and a bile acid sequestrant, colesevelam, on intestinal transit and bowel function". Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology 8 (2): 159–65. doi:10.1016/j.cgh.2009.10.020. PMC 2822105. PMID 19879973.
- 1 2 Mottacki N, Simrén M, Bajor A (2016). "Review article: bile acid diarrhoea - pathogenesis, diagnosis and management". Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther. doi:10.1111/apt.13570. PMID 26913381.
- ↑ http://medusanews.com/diseases-and-conditions/gastroenterology/postcholecystectomical-syndrome.html