Bolliger & Mabillard

Bolliger & Mabillard Consulting Engineers Inc.

Type	Private
Industry	Roller coaster design
Founded	1988
Founder	Walter Bolliger Claude Mabillard
Headquarters	Monthey, Switzerland
Area served	Worldwide
Key people	Walter Bolliger Claude Mabillard
Products	Stand-Up Coaster (1990 – ) Inverted Coaster (1992 – ) Sitting Coaster (1993 – ) Dive Coaster (1998 – ) Hyper Coaster (1999 – ) Floorless Coaster (1999 – ) Flying Coaster (2002 – ) Wing Coaster (2011 – ) Family Coaster (2014 – )[1]
Number of employees	37 (2012)
Website	Official website

Bolliger & Mabillard, abbreviated B&M and formally known as Bolliger & Mabillard Consulting Engineers Inc., is a roller coaster design consultancy based in Monthey, Switzerland. The company was founded in 1988 by Walter Bolliger and Claude Mabillard, with Bolliger as president and Mabillard as vice-president.^[2] Since 1988, B&M has built 100 roller coasters around the world and have pioneered several new ride technologies, most notably the inverted roller coaster.^[3][4] Since 1990, all coasters designed by B&M that have been built within North America have been manufactured by Clermont Steel Fabricators which is located in Batavia, Ohio, United States.^[5][6][7] B&M started with four employees and has since grown; as of 2012 it employs 37 people, mostly engineers and draftsmen.^[8] In 2016 the company will complete its 100th coaster.

History

Walter Bolliger and Claude Mabillard starting working for Giovanola, a manufacturing company who supplied rides to Intamin, in the 1970s. During their time at Giovanola, they helped design the company's first stand-up roller coaster, Shockwave at Six Flags Magic Mountain. They also worked on other projects, such as Z-Force at Six Flags Great America.^[9] Bolliger & Mabillard left Giovanola, but the company continued to use their track design, so the company's roller coasters, Goliath at Six Flags Magic Mountain and Titan at Six Flags Over Texas, use a track style very similar to B&M's.^[10][11]

An inverted model with the angled drop, common on inverted coasters, Batman: The Ride at Six Flags Great Adventure

In 1987, Giovanola underwent a change of management; Bolliger & Mabillard decided to leave, and founded their own company.^[9] At the time, B&M employed four people; two draftsmen, Bolliger, and Mabillard. When B&M was created, the pair had agreed not to make any more amusement attractions.^[12][13] However, Six Flags contacted the new company and asked it to build a roller coaster. B&M accepted the offer and hired two more draftsmen. But B&M had a problem regarding how and where to manufacture the track pieces for the roller coaster. With the impression of the work done by Clermont Steel Fabricators on Vortex at Kings Island and Shockwave Six Flags Great America, Walter Bolliger went to the steel plant and asked if they would be interested in manufacturing the track. Clermont Steel Fabricators accepted and currently manufactures all Bolliger and Mabillard roller coaster track pieces for all of North America.^[7] Now with a company to manufacture the track, B&M built its first roller coaster, a stand-up roller coaster, Iron Wolf, which opened in 1990 at Six Flags Great America.^[12][13] Two years later, Bolliger & Mabillard built another project for Six Flags Great America, Batman: The Ride, the world's first Inverted Coaster, which brought them to prominence in the industry.^[14][15]

Bolliger & Mabillard also invented the Floorless Coaster,^[16] and the Dive Coaster. The company also built its first launched roller coaster, the The Incredible Hulk, which is at Universal's Islands of Adventure. Although The Incredible Hulk uses a launch system, B&M classifies it as a "Sitting Coaster".^[17] In 2010, B&M unveiled its new Wing Coaster and premiered the prototype model, named Raptor, at Gardaland in 2011.^[18] It has two seats on each side on the car that hang riders over the sides of the track. There are currently only five in operation.^[18] In 2015, B&M constructed Thunderbird at Holiday World & Splashin' Safari, its first in-house launched coaster.^[19]

By 2010, B&M employed twelve engineers, twelve draftsman, and two draftswomen.^[12][13] The company has made other contributions to the roller coaster industry. The company built the trains for the Psyclone, a now-demolished wooden roller coaster at Six Flags Magic Mountain. The trains were later used on the park's Colossus wooden roller coaster (until it was refurbished by Rocky Mountain Construction), but were only used during October each year. The trains faced backward and usually raced against trains on the second track, which ran forward.^[20] In 2013, B&M supplied new trains for Steel Dragon 2000, built by D. H. Morgan Manufacturing in 2000.^[21][22] As of 2012, Bolliger & Mabillard has 85 operating roller coasters worldwide,^[3] twenty-two of which are listed among the Amusement Today Golden Ticket Awards Top 50 Steel Coasters List for 2012, and five are in the top 10. The company has built more roller coasters than any other manufacturer on the list.^[23]

Features

Raptor's cobra roll, a first for inverted roller coasters

Bolliger & Mabillard currently manufactures nine different roller coaster styles: Stand-Up Coaster, Inverted Coaster, Floorless Coaster, Flying Coaster, Hyper Coaster, Dive Coaster, Sitting Coaster, Wing Coaster and Family Coaster.^[1][24] Bolliger & Mabillard has been involved in developing new technologies and concepts in roller coasters almost since its inception. It has often worked with engineer Werner Stengel, and with designers and management of client theme parks.^[25][26]

Lift hills

Diagram comparing a standard lift hill and the B&M pre-drop lift hill.

Many Bolliger & Mabillard coasters feature an element known as a "pre-drop", a short drop after the top of the lift hill and before the start of the first drop, designed to reduce tension on the lift chain. The flat section between the pre-drop and the first drop serves as a shelf to support the weight of the train, reducing related stresses on the chain. On most coasters without a pre-drop, the weight of the train tends to pull on the lift chain as it begins its descent because the latter half of the train is still being lifted by the chain. Pre-drops have not been used on the company's Dive or Flying coasters, or on hyper coasters built after 1999.^[27][28] More recently, the pre-drop is only used on coasters with curved drops, whereas coasters with straight drops – such as Hydra the Revenge at Dorney Park & Wildwater Kingdom and Goliath at Six Flags Over Georgia – do not have pre-drops. OzIris at Parc Astérix was the first B&M inverted roller coaster that does not feature a pre-drop.^[29]

Trains

Most of Bolliger & Mabillard's roller coaster trains use four-abreast seating. Each car has one row of four seats, while the train length can vary between coasters. All of the company's coaster models, except the Dive Coaster and Wing Coaster use this configuration. The Dive Coaster uses six, eight or ten-abreast seating, with two or three rows of seats. For example, Griffon at Busch Gardens Williamsburg, uses ten seats in three rows, while Krake at Heide Park uses six-across seating in three rows.^[30] On recent hyper coaster projects, B&M has used a new car design that has two rows of two seats; the two seats in the rear of the car pushed out from the centerline so that the four seats resemble a V formation. This formation has only been used on Behemoth at Canada's Wonderland, Diamondback at Kings Island, Intimidator at Carowinds and Shambhala: Expedición al Himalaya at PortAventura. In 2013, B&M introduced a new car design that has two rows of two seats, however, they are not in a V formation.^[21][22]

All B&M hyper coasters use a type of restraint called a "T-bar" restraint, which consists of bar with a cushioned lap bar with two handles for riders to hold on to. This type of restraint generally does not use a seat belt, however seat belts have been added to Behemoth at Canada's Wonderland, Diamondback at Kings Island, and Intimidator at Carowinds, all of which have the stadium style seating.^[31] Bolliger & Mabillard also uses over-the-shoulder restraints, in that the restraint is placed over the riders' shoulders and sits and extends to the riders' laps. This type of restraint is used on Dive, Inverted, Sitting, Flying, Floorless, Stand-up, and Wing Coasters.^[32]

Track

CAD model of B&M's signature box-spined track

A notable feature of Bolliger & Mabillard roller coasters is the box-section track. The running rails are connected to a box-section spine, instead of the circular spine used by other manufacturers. When a train travels around a box-section track, it creates a distinctive roaring sound, which is unique to this style of track. However, on some Bolliger & Mabillard roller coasters, such as Talon at Dorney Park & Wildwater Kingdom, the track is filled with sand to reduce this noise.^[33]

Also, depending on the model of the roller coaster, the track size can vary. Models such as the Flying, Wing, and Dive Coaster have heavier trains which require a larger track size while models with lighter trains, such as the Stand-Up and Hyper Coaster, do not and use a smaller sized track.^[7]

Brakes

As of 2016, Bolliger & Mabillard uses three types of braking system; friction, magnetic, and water.

Friction brakes

When B&M was first founded, the linear magnetic eddy brake had yet to be developed, so it used friction brakes as its main braking system. On the train, pads are fitted beneath the seating areas. On the brakes, similar pads are connected to steel supports. When the pads on the train come into contact with the brakes, friction is created which slows the train.^[34] Beginning with Kumba in 1993, friction brakes have also been used as trim brakes that regulate the speed of the train while it is still navigating the course.^[35]

Magnetic brakes

Magnetic brakes were first used on Nitro at Six Flags Great Adventure in 2001.^[36] Magnetic brakes slow down trains much faster than friction brakes; most B&M roller coaster built in or after 2001 have at least one set of magnetic brakes. Magnetic brakes do not make contact with the train. Fins that run parallel to the train are fitted beneath the seats. As the fins pass through the brakes, the magnetic field created by the brakes slows the train. Magnetic brakes have also been used as an alternate type of trim brake on B&M roller coasters such as Leviathan at Canada's Wonderland.^[37]

Water brakes

Water brakes were first introduced on SheiKra at Busch Gardens Tampa Bay in 2005.^[38] Water brakes can only be used when a splashdown element, in which a body of water surrounds a section of track, is present within the layout of the roller coaster. When scoops on the last car of each train come in contact with the surrounding water, the train slows down and the water is sprayed several feet into the air behind it.^[39]

List of roller coasters

Vortex at Carowinds, a Stand-up Coaster model

Leviathan at Canada's Wonderland, a Hyper Coaster model

Batman: The Ride at Six Flags Great Adventure, an Inverted Coaster model

Dragon Khan at PortAventura, a Sitting Coaster model

Oblivion at Alton Towers, a Dive Coaster model

Hydra at Dorney Park, a Floorless Coaster model

Behemoth at Canada's Wonderland, a Hyper Coaster model

Manta at SeaWorld Orlando, a Flying Coaster model

Raptor at Gardaland, first Wing Coaster model

Bolliger & Mabillard has built over 100 roller coasters as of 2015.^[3] All are still in operation, except the original Incredible Hulk which was dismantled in 2015 and completely replaced in 2016. Some have been relocated and renamed.

Name	Model	Park	Country	Opened
Vortex	Stand-Up Coaster	California's Great America	United States	1991	[40]
Batman: The Ride	Inverted Coaster	Six Flags Great America	United States	1992	[15]
Vortex	Stand-Up Coaster	Carowinds	United States	1992	[41]
Batman: The Ride	Inverted Coaster	Six Flags Great Adventure	United States	1993	[42]
Flight Deck Formerly Top Gun	Inverted Coaster	California's Great America	United States	1993	[43]
Kumba	Sitting Coaster	Busch Gardens Tampa	United States	1993	[44]
Batman: The Ride	Inverted Coaster	Six Flags Magic Mountain	United States	1994	[45]
Diavlo	Inverted Coaster	Himeji Central Park	Japan	1994	[46]
Nemesis	Inverted Coaster	Alton Towers	United Kingdom	1994	[47]
Raptor	Inverted Coaster	Cedar Point	United States	1994	[48]
Batman: The Ride	Inverted Coaster	Six Flags St. Louis	United States	1995	[49]
Dragon Khan	Sitting Coaster	PortAventura	Spain	1995	[50]
Montu	Inverted Coaster	Busch Gardens Tampa	United States	1996	[51]
Alpengeist	Inverted Coaster	Busch Gardens Williamsburg	United States	1997	[52]
Batman: The Ride	Inverted Coaster	Six Flags Over Georgia	United States	1997	[53]
Pyrenees	Inverted Coaster	Parque Espana-Shima Spain Village	Japan	1997	[54]
Oblivion	Dive Coaster	Alton Towers	United Kingdom	1998	[55]
Great Bear	Inverted Coaster	Hersheypark	United States	1998	[56]
Great White	Inverted Coaster	SeaWorld San Antonio	United States	1998	[57]
The Riddler's Revenge	Stand-Up Coaster	Six Flags Magic Mountain	United States	1998	[58]
Afterburn Formerly Top Gun - The Jet Coaster	Inverted Coaster	Carowinds	United States	1999	[59]
Bizarro Formerly Medusa	Floorless Coaster	Six Flags Great Adventure	United States	1999	[60]
Incredible Hulk Original version	Sitting Coaster (Launched)	Islands of Adventure	United States	1999	[17]
Dragon Challenge Formerly Dueling Dragons	Inverted Coaster	Islands of Adventure	United States	1999	[61]
Batman: The Ride	Inverted Coaster	Six Flags Over Texas	United States	1999	[62]
Raging Bull	Hyper Coaster	Six Flags Great America	United States	1999	[63]
Georgia Scorcher	Stand-Up Coaster	Six Flags Over Georgia	United States	1999	[64]
Apollo's Chariot	Hyper Coaster	Busch Gardens Williamsburg	United States	1999	[65]
Kraken	Floorless Coaster	Sea World Orlando	United States	2000	[66]
Medusa	Floorless Coaster	Six Flags Discovery Kingdom	United States	2000	[67]
Katun	Inverted Coaster	Mirabilandia	Italy	2000	[68]
Superman: Krypton Coaster	Floorless Coaster	Six Flags Fiesta Texas	United States	2000	[69]
Diving Machine G5	Dive Coaster	Janfusun Fancyworld	Taiwan	2000	[70]
Insane Speed	Floorless Coaster	Janfusun Fancyworld	Taiwan	2001	[71]
Nitro	Hyper Coaster	Six Flags Great Adventure	United States	2001	[72]
Talon	Inverted Coaster	Dorney Park & Wildwater Kingdom	United States	2001	[73]
Wildfire	Sitting Coaster	Silver Dollar City	United States	2001	[74]
Galactica Formerly Air	Flying Coaster	Alton Towers	United Kingdom	2002	[75]
Batman: The Dark Knight	Floorless Coaster	Six Flags New England	United States	2002	[76]
Batman: La Fuga	Inverted Coaster	Parque Warner Madrid	Spain	2002	[77]
Silver Star	Hyper Coaster	Europa Park	Germany	2002	[78]
Superman: La Atracción de Acero	Floorless Coaster	Parque Warner Madrid	Spain	2002	[79]
Superman: Ultimate Flight	Flying Coaster	Six Flags Over Georgia	United States	2002	[80]
Vampire	Inverted Coaster	La Ronde	Canada	2002	[81]
Nemesis Inferno	Inverted Coaster	Thorpe Park	United Kingdom	2003	[82]
Scream!	Floorless Coaster	Six Flags Magic Mountain	United States	2003	[83]
Superman: Ultimate Flight	Flying Coaster	Six Flags Great America	United States	2003	[84]
Superman: Ultimate Flight	Flying Coaster	Six Flags Great Adventure	United States	2003	[85]
Dæmonen	Floorless Coaster	Tivoli Gardens	Denmark	2004	[86]
Lightning	Inverted Coaster	Kuwait Entertainment City	Kuwait	2004	[87]
Silver Bullet	Inverted Coaster	Knott's Berry Farm	United States	2004	[88]
Hydra the Revenge	Floorless Coaster	Dorney Park & Wildwater Kingdom	United States	2005	[89]
SheiKra	Dive Coaster	Busch Gardens Tampa	United States	2005	[90]
Black Mamba	Inverted Coaster	Phantasialand	Germany	2006	[91]
Crystal Wing	Flying Coaster	Happy Valley Beijing	China	2006	[92]
Goliath	Hyper Coaster	La Ronde	Canada	2006	[93]
Goliath	Hyper Coaster	Six Flags Over Georgia	United States	2006	[94]
Patriot	Inverted Coaster	Worlds of Fun	United States	2006	[95]
Tatsu	Flying Coaster	Six Flags Magic Mountain	United States	2006	[96]
Griffon	Dive Coaster	Busch Gardens Williamsburg	United States	2007	[97]
Hollywood Dream: The Ride	Hyper Coaster	Universal Studios Japan	Japan	2007	[98]
Phaethon	Inverted Coaster	Gyeongju World	South Korea	2007	[99]
Behemoth	Hyper Coaster	Canada's Wonderland	Canada	2008	[100]
Dive Coaster	Dive Coaster	Chimelong Paradise	China	2008	[101]
Dominator Formerly Batman: Knight Flight	Floorless Coaster	Kings Dominion Geauga Lake	United States	2008 2000 to 2007	[102]
Goliath Formerly Batman: The Ride Formerly Gambit	Inverted Coaster	Six Flags Fiesta Texas Six Flags New Orleans Thrill Valley	United States	2008 2003 to 2005 1995 to 2002	[103]
Diamondback	Hyper Coaster	Kings Island	United States	2009	[104]
Diving Coaster	Dive Coaster	Happy Valley Shanghai	China	2009	[105]
Manta	Flying Coaster	SeaWorld Orlando	United States	2009	[106]
Monster Formerly Orochi	Inverted Coaster	Walygator Parc Expoland	France	2010 1996 to 2007	[107]
Intimidator	Hyper Coaster	Carowinds	United States	2010	[108]
Green Lantern Formerly Chang	Stand-Up Coaster	Six Flags Great Adventure Kentucky Kingdom	United States	2011 1997 to 2009	[109]
Hair Raiser	Floorless Coaster	Ocean Park Hong Kong	Hong Kong	2011	[110]
Krake	Dive Coaster	Heide Park	Germany	2011	[111]
Raptor	Wing Coaster	Gardaland	Italy	2011	[112]
Starry Sky Ripper Formerly Sky Scrapper	Flying Coaster	World Joyland	China	2011	[113]
Apocalypse Formerly Iron Wolf	Stand-Up Coaster	Six Flags America Six Flags Great America	United States	2012 1990 to 2011	[114]
Leviathan	Hyper Coaster	Canada's Wonderland	Canada	2012	[115]
OzIris	Inverted Coaster	Parc Astérix	France	2012	[116]
Shambhala	Hyper Coaster	PortAventura	Spain	2012	[117]
Swarm	Wing Coaster	Thorpe Park	United Kingdom	2012	[118]
Wild Eagle	Wing Coaster	Dollywood	United States	2012	[119]
X-Flight	Wing Coaster	Six Flags Great America	United States	2012	[120]
GateKeeper	Wing Coaster	Cedar Point	United States	2013	[121]
Nitro	Floorless Coaster	Adlabs Imagica	India	2013	[122]
Banshee	Inverted Coaster	Kings Island	United States	2014	[123]
Parrot Coaster Formerly Flying over the Rainforest	Wing Coaster	Chimelong Ocean Kingdom	China	2014	[124]
Flug der Dämonen	Wing Coaster	Heide Park	Germany	2014	[125]
Family Inverted Coaster	Family Inverted Coaster[1]	Happy Valley Shanghai	China	2014	[126]
Harpy	Flying Coaster	Xishuangbanna Theme Park	China	2015	[127]
Rougarou Formerly Mantis	Floorless Coaster Formerly Stand-Up Coaster	Cedar Point	United States	2015 1996 to 2014	[128]
Acrobat	Flying Coaster	Nagashima Spa Land	Japan	2015	[129]
Thunderbird	Wing Coaster (launched)	Holiday World & Splashin' Safari	United States	2015	[130]
Oblivion: The Black Hole	Dive Coaster	Gardaland	Italy	2015	[131]
Baron 1898	Dive Coaster	Efteling	Netherlands	2015	[132]
Fury 325	Hyper Coaster	Carowinds	United States	2015	[133]
Mako	Hyper Coaster	SeaWorld Orlando	United States	2016	[134]
Unknown Formerly Time Machine Formerly Led Zeppelin - The Ride	Sitting Coaster	Ocean Park Ha Long Freestyle Music Park	Vietnam	2016 2008 to 2009	[135]
The Flying Dinosaur	Flying Coaster	Universal Studios Japan	Japan	2016	[136]
Valravn	Dive Coaster	Cedar Point	United States	2016	[137]
Incredible Hulk Rebuilt version	Sitting Coaster (Launched)	Islands of Adventure	United States	2016	[138]
Unknown	Wing Coaster	Hot Go Dreamworld	China	2016	[139]
Unknown	Hyper Coaster	Hot Go Park	China	2016	[140]
Unknown	Wing Coaster	Wanda City Wuxi	China	2016	[141]
Unknown	Dive Coaster	Happy Valley Chengdu	China	2017	[142]
Unknown	Wing Coaster	Happy Valley Chongqing	China	2017	[143]

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67. Marden, Duane. "Medusa  (Six Flags Discovery Kingdom)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved June 28, 2012.
68. Marden, Duane. "Katun  (Mirabilandia)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved June 28, 2012.
69. Marden, Duane. "Superman: Krypton Coaster  (Six Flags Fiesta Texas)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved June 28, 2012.
70. Marden, Duane. "Diving Machine G5  (Janfusun Fancyworld)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved June 29, 2012.
71. Marden, Duane. "Insane Speed  (Janfusun Fancyworld)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved June 29, 2012.
72. Marden, Duane. "Nitro  (Six Flags Great Adventure)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved June 29, 2012.
73. Marden, Duane. "Talon  (Dorney Pakr & Wildwater Kingdom)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved June 29, 2012.
74. Marden, Duane. "Wildfire  (Silver Dollar City)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved June 29, 2012.
75. Marden, Duane. "Air  (Alton Towers)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved July 14, 2012.
76. Marden, Duane. "Batman – The Dark Knight  (Six Flags New England)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved June 29, 2012.
77. Marden, Duane. "Batman: La Fuga  (Parque Warner Madrid)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved June 29, 2012.
78. Marden, Duane. "Silver Star  (Europa Park)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved June 29, 2012.
79. Marden, Duane. "Superman: La Atracción de Acero  (Parque Warner Madrid)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved June 29, 2012.
80. Marden, Duane. "Superman: Ultimate Flight  (Six Flags Over Georgia)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved July 3, 2012.
81. Marden, Duane. "Vampire  (La Ronde)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved June 29, 2012.
82. Marden, Duane. "Nemesis Inferno  (Thorpe Park)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved July 3, 2012.
83. Marden, Duane. "Scream!  (Six Flags Magic Mountain)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved July 3, 2012.
84. Marden, Duane. "Superman: Ultimate Flight  (Six Flags Great America)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved July 3, 2012.
85. Marden, Duane. "Superman:Ultimate Flight  (Six Flags Great Adventure)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved July 3, 2012.
86. Marden, Duane. "Dæmonen  (Tivoli Gardens)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved July 3, 2012.
87. Marden, Duane. "Lightning  (Kuwait Entertainment City)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved July 3, 2012.
88. Marden, Duane. "Silver Bullet  (Knott's Berry Farm)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved July 3, 2012.
89. Marden, Duane. "Hydra the Revenge  (Dorney Park & Wildwater Kingdom)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved July 3, 2012.
90. Marden, Duane. "SheiKra  (Bush Gardens Tampa Bay)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved July 3, 2012.
91. Marden, Duane. "Black Mamba  (Phantasialand)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved July 3, 2012.
92. Marden, Duane. "Crystal Wing  (Happy Valley Beijing)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved July 3, 2012.
93. Marden, Duane. "Goliath  (La Ronde)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved July 3, 2012.
94. Marden, Duane. "Goliath  (Six Flags Over Georgia)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved July 3, 2012.
95. Marden, Duane. "Patriot  (Worlds of Fun)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved July 3, 2012.
96. Marden, Duane. "Tatsu  (Six Flags Magic Mountain)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved July 3, 2012.
97. Marden, Duane. "Griffon  (Busch Gardens Williamsburg)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved July 3, 2012.
98. Marden, Duane. "Hollywood Dream: The Ride  (Universal Studios Japan)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved July 3, 2012.
99. Marden, Duane. "Phaethon  (Gyeongju World)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved July 3, 2012.
100. Marden, Duane. "Behemoth  (Canada's Wonderland)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved July 3, 2012.
101. Marden, Duane. "Dive Coaster  (Chimelong Paradise)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved July 3, 2012.
102. Marden, Duane. "Dominator  (Kings Dominion)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved July 3, 2012.
103. Marden, Duane. "Goliath  (Six Flags Fiesta Texas)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved July 3, 2012.
104. Marden, Duane. "Diamondback  (Kings Island)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved July 3, 2012.
105. Marden, Duane. "Diving Coaster  (Happy Valley Shanghai)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved July 3, 2012.
106. Marden, Duane. "Manta  (SeaWorld Orlando)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved July 3, 2012.
107. Marden, Duane. "Monster  (Walygator Parc)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved July 3, 2012.
108. Marden, Duane. "Intimidator  (Carowinds)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved July 3, 2012.
109. Marden, Duane. "Green Lantern  (Six Flags Great Adventure)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved July 3, 2012.
110. Marden, Duane. "Hair Raiser  (Ocean Park Hong Kong)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved July 3, 2012.
111. Marden, Duane. "Krake  (Heide Park)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved July 3, 2012.
112. Marden, Duane. "Raptor  (Gardaland)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved July 3, 2012.
113. Marden, Duane. "Starry Sky Ripper  (World Joyland)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved July 3, 2012.
114. Marden, Duane. "Apocalypse  (Six Flags America)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved July 3, 2012.
115. Marden, Duane. "Leviathan  (Canada's Wonderland)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved July 3, 2012.
116. Marden, Duane. "OzIris  (Parc Astérix)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved July 3, 2012.
117. Marden, Duane. "Shambhala  (PortAdventura)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved July 3, 2012.
118. Marden, Duane. "The Swarm  (Thorpe Park)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved July 3, 2012.
119. Marden, Duane. "Wild Eagle  (Dollywood)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved July 3, 2012.
120. Marden, Duane. "X-Flight  (Six Flags Great America)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved July 3, 2012.
121. Marden, Duane. "GateKeeper  (Cedar Point)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved 14 August 2012.
122. Marden, Duane. "Nitro  (Adlabs Imagica)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved April 9, 2013.
123. Marden, Duane. "Banshee  (Kings Island)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved August 8, 2013.
124. Marden, Duane. "Parrot Coaster  (Ocean Kingdom)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved November 20, 2012.
125. Marden, Duane. "Flug der Dämonen  (Heide Park)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved June 6, 2013.
126. Marden, Duane. "Family Inverted Coaster  (Happy Valley)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved November 20, 2012.
127. Marden, Duane. "Harpy  (Xishuangbanna Theme Park)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved February 21, 2014.
128. Marden, Duane. "Rougarou  (Cedar Point)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved June 13, 2012.
129. Marden, Duane. "Acrobat  (Nagashima Spa Land)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved August 14, 2014.
130. Marden, Duane. "Thunderbird  (Holiday World & Splashin Safari)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved July 24, 2014.
131. Marden, Duane. "Oblivion The Black Hole  (Gardaland)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved April 11, 2014.
132. Marden, Duane. "Baron 1898  (Efteling)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved July 28, 2014.
133. Marden, Duane. "Fury 325  (Carowinds)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved August 21, 2014.
134. Marden, Duane. "Mako  (SeaWorld Orlando)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved May 27, 2015.
135. Marden, Duane. "Unknown  (Ocean Park Ha Long)". Roller Coaster DataBase.
136. Marden, Duane. "The Flying Dinosaur  (Universal Studios Japan)". Roller Coaster DataBase.
137. Marden, Duane. "Valravn  (Cedar Point)". Roller Coaster DataBase.
138. Marden, Duane. "Incredible Hulk (Rebuilt Version)  (Islands of Adventure)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved June 13, 2012.
139. Marden, Duane. "Unknown  (Hot Go Dreamworld)". Roller Coaster DataBase.
140. Marden, Duane. "Unknown  (Hot Go Park)". Roller Coaster DataBase.
141. Marden, Duane. "Unknown  (Wanda City Wuxi)". Roller Coaster DataBase.
142. Marden, Duane. "Unknown  (Happy Valley Chengdu)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved November 27, 2015.
143. Marden, Duane. "Unknown  (Happy Valley Chongqing)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved November 27, 2015.

External links

• Official website
• Listing of B&M rides at the Roller Coaster DataBase