List of heads of state of the Central African Republic

President of the Central African Republic
Coat of arms of the Central African Republic
Incumbent Faustin-Archange Touadéra since 30 March 2016
Term length	Five years
Inaugural holder	David Dacko
Formation	12 December 1960 21 September 1979 (title reestablished)

This is a complete list of the heads of state of the Central African Republic and Central African Empire. There have been seven heads of state in the history of the Central African Republic and Central African Empire since independence was obtained from the French on 13 August 1960. This list includes not only those persons who were sworn into office as President of Central African Republic but also those who served as de facto heads of state.

Jean-Bédel Bokassa served as a de facto head of state, while David Dacko (who served as de facto head of state from 1979–1981), André Kolingba, Ange-Félix Patassé, and François Bozizé were elected into office at some point during their tenure. To date, Kolingba is the only former head of state of Central African Republic to voluntarily step down from the office through a democratic process.

History of the position

Dacko took control of the country in 1959 after a brief internal struggle for power with Abel Goumba. After independence, Dacko served as President of the Provisional Government and later President until being deposed in a coup d'état on New Year's Day, 1966 by one of his ministers, Bokassa. He ruled for 10 years before replacing the government with a monarchy, the Central African Empire.

Bokassa ruled for nearly three more years before being deposed in a French-orchestrated coup, which installed Dacko as president of the renewed Central African Republic. Two years into his one-party rule, he was overthrown in a bloodless coup by his armed forces chief of staff, Kolingba. Five years into his military rule, Kolingba established himself as the President and Head of State of the Central African Republic.

Under pressure to democratize the government, he formed a political party and held a referendum, in which he was elected to a six-year term in office as president. He was defeated in the next presidential election in 1993 by Patassé. Patassé served in office for almost 10 years before being overthrown in a coup by his armed forces chief of staff, Bozizé.

Bozizé served as the President of the Central African Republic until he was overthrown on 24 March 2013 by the Séléka rebel coalition in the ongoing civil war and was succeeded by rebel leader Michel Djotodia, who in turn stepped down on 10 January 2014 due to the continued conflict.

Political affiliations

  Movement for the Social Evolution of Black Africa (MESAN)

  Central African Democratic Union (UDC)

  Central African Democratic Rally (RDC)

  Movement for the Liberation of the Central African People (MLPC)

  Rally for the Republic (RPR)

  Military

  Nonpartisan

For heads of state with multiple affiliations, the political party listed first is the party the person was affiliated with at the beginning of his tenure.

Heads of state

Central African Republic
French: République centrafricaine, Sango: Ködörösêse tî Bêafrîka
Head of state (Birth–Death) Title	Portrait	Entered office	Left office	Political affiliations	Notes
David Dacko (1930–2003) President of the Provisional Government		14 August 1960[1]	12 December 1960^[A]	MESAN	Dacko served as president of the government from 1 May 1959[2] until the country declared its independence on 13 August 1960.[3]
David Dacko (1930–2003) President		12 December 1960	1 January 1966[4]	MESAN
Jean-Bédel Bokassa (1921–1996) President		1 January 1966^[B]	4 December 1976	Military	Bokassa seized power from Dacko in a successful coup d'état. He changed his name to Salah Eddine Ahmed Bokassa after converting to Islam on 20 October 1976.[5]
				MESAN^[C]
Central African Empire
French: Empire centrafricain
Bokassa I (1921–1996) Emperor		4 December 1976^[D]	21 September 1979[6]	MESAN	Bokassa spent approximately US$20 million—one third of the country's annual budget—on his coronation ceremony on 4 December 1977.[7]
Central African Republic
French: République centrafricaine, Sango: Ködörösêse tî Bêafrîka
David Dacko (1930–2003) President		21 September 1979^[E]	1 September 1981[8]	MESAN	This was Dacko's second time as president of the Central African Republic. In February 1980, Dacko established the Central African Democratic Union (UDC) as the country's only political party.[9]
				UDC
André Kolingba (1936–2010) Chairman of the Military Committee of National Recovery		1 September 1981^[F]	21 September 1985^[G]	Military	Kolingba seized power from Dacko in a successful coup d'état. Ange-Félix Patassé, with the assistance of François Bozizé, launched an unsuccessful coup d'état against the Kolingba government on 3 March 1982.[10]
André Kolingba (1936–2010) President and Head of State		21 September 1985	21 November 1986	Military	Kolingba established the Central African Democratic Rally (RDC) as the country's only party in May 1986.[11]
				RDC
André Kolingba (1936–2010) President		21 November 1986^[H]	22 October 1993	RDC
Ange-Félix Patassé (1937–2011) President		22 October 1993^[I][12]	15 March 2003	MLPC	Bozizé launched an unsuccessful coup d'état against the Patassé government on 28 May 2001.[13]
François Bozizé (1946–) President		15 March 2003^[J][14]	24 March 2013	Military	Bozizé seized power from Patassé in a successful coup d'état. Shortly after, he appointed Abel Goumba as Prime Minister. Goumba had served as acting Prime Minister in 1959, before being overthrown by Dacko.[15]
				Nonpartisan
Michel Djotodia (1949–) Head of State of the Transition		24 March 2013^[K]	18 August 2013	Military	Djotodia was the leader of the Séléka rebel coalition in the ongoing civil war.
Michel Djotodia (1949–) President		18 August 2013	10 January 2014^[L]
Alexandre-Ferdinand Nguendet (1972–) Acting Head of State of the Transition		10 January 2014	23 January 2014	RPR	Nguendet succeeded Djotodia after his resignation due to the continued conflict.
Catherine Samba-Panza (1954–) Head of State of the Transition		23 January 2014	30 March 2016	Nonpartisan	Samba-Panza became the first female head of state of the Central African Republic.
Faustin-Archange Touadéra (1957–) President		30 March 2016	Incumbent	Nonpartisan	Previously, Touadéra served as Prime Minister under Bozizé from 2008 until 2013.

Footnotes

• ^A Dacko became the official President of the Central African Republic after defeating Abel Goumba in an internal power struggle. Dacko had support from the French government.
• ^B Bokassa seized power by staging a coup d'état from 31 December 1965 until 1 January 1966. Bokassa forced Dacko to officially resign from the presidency at 03:20 WAT (02:20 UTC) on 1 January.^[4]
• ^C Bokassa staged a military coup against the Dacko government on 31 December 1965 – 1 January 1966. After becoming president, Bokassa took control of MESAN and imposed one-party rule under MESAN.
• ^D Bokassa, then-President for Life of the Central African Republic, instituted a new constitution at the session of the MESAN congress and declared the republic a monarchy, the Central African Empire (CAE). Bokassa became the emperor of the CAE as "Bokassa I".^[5]
• ^E By 1979, French support for Bokassa had all but eroded after the government's brutal suppression of rioting in Bangui and massacre of schoolchildren who had protested against wearing the expensive, government-required school uniforms. Dacko, who was Bokassa's personal adviser at the time, managed to leave for Paris where the French convinced him to cooperate in a coup to remove Bokassa from power and restore him to the presidency. The French successfully executed Operation Barracuda on 20–21 September 1979 and installed Dacko as president.^[16][17]
• ^F General Kolingba (who was also the armed forces chief of staff) overthrew Dacko from the presidency in a bloodless coup.^[11]
• ^G On 21 September 1985, Kolingba dissolved the Military Committee for National Recovery,^[18] and created the positions of Head of State and President.^[19]
• ^H A constitution was adopted by a referendum on 21 November 1986 and Kolingba was elected to a six-year term in office.^[6][11]
• ^I The country held a multiparty presidential election on 22 August and 19 September 1993. Patassé was the candidate from the Movement for the Liberation of the Central African People party and ran on the platform that he would pay the previously withheld salaries to soldiers and civil servants.^[20] Patassé defeated Dacko, Kolingba, Bozizé and Abel Goumba to win the election.^[21]
• ^J Bozizé's second coup attempt was successful; he seized power in Bangui on 15 March 2003.^[22]
• ^K Djotodia ousted Bozizé in the 2012–13 conflict; he seized power in Bangui on 24 March 2013.^[23][24]
• ^L Under pressure from other central African heads of state gathered for a crisis summit on the situation in CAR, Djotodia resigned in N'Djamena, Chad on 10 January 2014.^[25]

Latest election

Candidate	Party	First round		Second round
		Votes	%	Votes	%
Anicet-Georges Dologuélé	Independent	268,952	23.74	413,352	37.29
Faustin-Archange Touadéra	Union for Central African Renewal	215,800	19.05	695,059	62.71
Désiré Kolingba	Central African Democratic Rally	136,398	12.04
Martin Ziguélé	Movement for the Liberation of the Central African People	129,474	11.43
Jean-Serge Bokassa		68,705	6.06
Charles-Armel Doubane	Independent	41,095	3.63
Jean-Michel Mandaba	Party for Democratic Governance	35,458	3.13
Sylvain Patassé-Ngakoutou	Central African New Momentum	31,261	2.76
Abdou Karim Meckassoua	Independent	31,052	2.74
Gaston Mandata Nguérékata	Party for Central African Renewal	22,391	1.98
Jean-Barkès Ngombe-Ketté	Independent	18,949	1.67
Timoléon Baikoua	Independent	17,195	1.52
Fidèle Gouandjika	Independent	15,356	1.36
Théodore Kapou	Independent	13,295	1.17
Marcel Dimassé		8,791	0.78
Guy Moskit	National Solidarity Movement	8,712	0.77
Jean Willybiro-Sako	Independent	8,535	0.75
Émile Gros Raymond Nakombo		8,001	0.71
Régina Konzi-Mongot	Independent	6,684	0.59
Xavier Sylvestre Yangongo	Independent	6,512	0.57
Cyriaque Gonda	National Party for a New Central Africa	6,440	0.57
Laurent Gomina-Pampali	National Union for Democracy and Rally	5,834	0.51
Constant Gouyomgbia Kongba Zézé	Independent	5,560	0.49
Joseph Yakété		5,547	0.49
Mathias Barthélemy Morouba	Independent	5,156	0.46
Théophile Sony Colé	Syndical Union of Central African Workers	3,784	0.33
Maxime Kazagui	Alliance for a New Central Africa	2,886	0.25
Jean-Baptiste Koba		2,010	0.18
Stanislas Moussa Kembé		1,706	0.15
Olivier Gabirault	Independent	1,347	0.12
Invalid/blank votes		89,370	–	24,094	–
Total		1,132,886	100	1,153,300	100
Registered voters/turnout		1,954,433	62.54	1,954,433	59.01
Source: Afrique News Info, ANERCA

See also

• Emperor of Central Africa
• List of heads of government of the Central African Republic
• List of colonial heads of Central Africa
• Lists of office-holders

References

General

• Appiah, K. Anthony; Gates, Henry Louis, Jr., eds. (1999), Africana: The Encyclopedia of the African and African American Experience, New York City: Basic Books, ISBN 0-465-00071-1.
• Kalck, Pierre (2005), Historical Dictionary of the Central African Republic (3rd English ed.), Lanham, Maryland: The Scarecrow Press, ISBN 0-8108-4913-5.
• Marsden, Hilary, ed. (1988), Whitaker's Almanack, 1988, London: J Whitaker and Sons, ISBN 0-85021-178-6.
• Titley, Brian (1997), Dark Age: The Political Odyssey of Emperor Bokassa, Montreal: McGill-Queen's University Press, ISBN 0-7735-1602-6, OCLC 36340842.

Specific

1. Kalck 2005, p. xxxii
2. Kalck 2005, p. 198
3. Kalck 2005, p. xxxi
4. Titley 1997, p. 28
5. Kalck 2005, p. xxxiv
6. Kalck 2005, p. 199
7. Carlson, Peter (19 May 2007), "His Diplomatic Coup: Getting Them on the Record", The Washington Post, retrieved 8 June 2008
8. Kalck 2005, p. xxxix
9. Kalck 2005, p. 54
10. Kalck 2005, p. 155
11. Kalck 2005, p. 113
12. The World Factbook 2002, Directorate of Intelligence, 2002, ISBN 0-16-067601-0
13. "Situation "confused" after apparent coup attempt", IRIN, 28 May 2001, retrieved 8 June 2008
14. Kalck 2005, p. lxxiii
15. "Bozize appoints prime minister", IRIN, 24 March 2003, retrieved 8 June 2008
16. Titley 1997, p. 127
17. Kalck 2005, p. lxix
18. Marsden 1988, p. 810
19. Kalck 2005, p. 48
20. Appiah & Gates 1999, p. 399
21. Kalck 2005, p. xlviii
22. "Rebel leader seizes power, suspends constitution", IRIN, 17 March 2003, retrieved 8 June 2008
23. "Centrafrique: Michel Djotodia déclare être le nouveau président de la république centrafricaine" (in French). Radio France International. 24 March 2013. Retrieved 24 March 2013.
24. Madjiasra Nako; Bate Felix (18 April 2013). "Regional leaders recognise C.African Republic rebel chief". Reuters. Retrieved 27 July 2013.
25. "CAR interim President Michel Djotodia resigns". BBC News. 10 January 2014. Retrieved 10 January 2014.

External links

• Elections in the Central African Republic
• BBC News Timeline: Central African Republic