United States presidential transition

A presidential transition or presidential interregnum refers to the period of time between the end of a presidential election and the inauguration of a new President of a country. During this time the incoming President usually designates new government personnel, including selecting new Cabinet positions and government department or agency heads.

In the United States, during a presidential transition, the outgoing "lame duck" President has lost many of the intangible benefits of a Presidency (e.g., being perceived as the default leader on issues of national importance) but the incoming President-elect is not yet legally empowered to affect policy. This ambiguity in the roles of the President-elect and outgoing President creates the potential for a leadership vacuum, which may be most acutely felt during wartime or times of economic crisis.

The Presidential transition process for the United States culminates with the mostly ceremonial Presidential inauguration. The period leading up to the date and time of the inauguration provides time for agencies to consolidate and prepare for the transfer of both Federal and Presidential records to the National Archives and Records Administration (NARA). NARA's mission for the American Presidency is to "preserve" and "present" Presidential records for historic purposes.^[1][2]

Notable transitions

Perhaps the most known transition in US history was the 1860-1861 transition from the administration of James Buchanan to that of Abraham Lincoln. Buchanan held the opinion that states did not have the right to secede, but that it was also illegal for the Federal government to go to war to stop them. Between the election on November 6, 1860 and inauguration on March 4, 1861, seven states seceded and conflict between secessionist and federal forces began, leading to the American Civil War between the Northern and Southern states.

The Presidential transition period at the end of the administration of Herbert Hoover, prior to the inauguration of Franklin D. Roosevelt (November 8, 1932 — March 4, 1933) was a difficult transition period. After the election, Roosevelt refused Hoover's requests for a meeting to come up with a joint program to stop the downward spiral and calm investors, claiming it would tie his hands, and as this "guaranteed that Roosevelt took the oath of office amid such an atmosphere of crisis that Hoover had become the most hated man in America".^[3] During this period of essentially leaderless government, the U.S. economy ground to a halt as thousands of banks failed.^[4] The relationship between Hoover and Roosevelt was one of the most strained between Presidents. While Hoover had little good to say about his successor, there was little he could do. FDR, however, supposedly could and did engage in various petty official acts aimed at his predecessor, ranging from dropping him from the White House birthday greetings message list to having Hoover's name struck from the Hoover Dam along the Colorado River border, which would officially be known only as Boulder Dam for many years to come.

On a more petty level, the transition between Bill Clinton and George W. Bush was marred by accusations of "damage, theft, vandalism and pranks". The General Accounting Office (GAO) estimated the cost of those pranks at $13,000 to $14,000. However, they note that similar pranks were reported in prior transitions, including the one from Bush's father to Clinton in 1993.^[5] Press secretary Ari Fleischer followed up the GAO report with a White House-produced list of alleged vandalism including removal of the W key from keyboards.^[6] The Clintons were also accused of keeping for themselves gifts meant for the White House.^[7] The Clintons denied the accusations, but agreed to pay more than $85,000 for gifts given to the first family "to eliminate even the slightest question" of impropriety.^[8]

The transition between Bush and Barack Obama was considered seamless, with Bush granting Obama's request to ask Congress to release $350 billion of bank bailout funds.^[9] At the start of his inaugural speech, Obama praised Bush "for his service to our nation, as well as the generosity and co-operation he has shown throughout this transition".^[10]

The White House website was redesigned and “cut over” at exactly 12:01pm, January 20, 2009. In addition to the January 20, 2009 at 12:01pm threshold, the Bush Administration successfully transferred all electronic records for the Presidential components within the Executive Office of the President to the NARA. Included in these records was more than 80 Terabytes of data, more than 200 million emails and 4 million photos.^[11] Just as important however, the Information system was provided to the Obama administration without a single electronic record from the previous administration. Not only were emails and photos removed from the environment at the 12:01pm threshold, data elements like phone numbers of individual offices and upcoming meetings for the senior staff were also removed. This was described by some as a "new inaugural tradition spawned by the Internet-age".^[12]

Process

In the United States, the presidential transition extends from the day of the US presidential election (which occurs in November), until the 20th day of January as specified in the Twentieth Amendment. The presidential transition is regulated by The Presidential Transition Act of 1963 (P.L. 88-277),^[13] amended by The Presidential Transitions Effectiveness Act of 1998 (P.L. 100-398) ^[14] and The Presidential Transition Act of 2000 (P.L. 106-293).^[15][16] The Act as amended directs the Administrator of General Services to provide facilities, funding of approximately five million dollars, access to government services, and support for a transition team, and to provide training and orientation of new government personnel and other procedures to ensure an orderly transition.

The President-elect will also usually appoint a 'presidential transition team' (sometimes even before the presidential election) to prepare for a smooth transfer of power following the presidential inauguration.

List of US presidential transitions

Outgoing President	Transition begins (Election Day)	Transition ends (Inauguration Day)	Incoming President
Barack Obama	November 8, 2016	January 20, 2017	TBD
George W. Bush	November 4, 2008	January 20, 2009	Barack Obama
Bill Clinton	November 7, 2000 (December 12, 2000)[17]	January 20, 2001	George W. Bush
George H. W. Bush	November 3, 1992	January 20, 1993	Bill Clinton
Ronald Reagan	November 8, 1988	January 20, 1989	George H. W. Bush
Jimmy Carter	November 4, 1980	January 20, 1981	Ronald Reagan
Gerald Ford	November 2, 1976	January 20, 1977	Jimmy Carter
Lyndon B. Johnson	November 5, 1968	January 20, 1969	Richard Nixon
Dwight Eisenhower	November 8, 1960	January 20, 1961	John F. Kennedy
Harry Truman	November 4, 1952	January 20, 1953	Dwight Eisenhower
Herbert Hoover	November 8, 1932	March 4, 1933	Franklin Roosevelt
Calvin Coolidge	November 6, 1928	March 4, 1929	Herbert Hoover
Woodrow Wilson	November 2, 1920	March 4, 1921	Warren Harding
William Taft	November 5, 1912	March 4, 1913	Woodrow Wilson
Theodore Roosevelt	November 3, 1908	March 4, 1909	William Taft
Grover Cleveland	November 3, 1896	March 4, 1897	William McKinley
Benjamin Harrison	November 8, 1892	March 4, 1893	Grover Cleveland
Grover Cleveland	November 6, 1888	March 4, 1889	Benjamin Harrison
Chester Arthur	November 4, 1884	March 4, 1885	Grover Cleveland
Rutherford Hayes	November 2, 1880	March 4, 1881	James Garfield
Ulysses Grant	November 7, 1876 (March 2, 1877)[18]	March 4, 1877[19]	Rutherford Hayes
Andrew Johnson	November 3, 1868	March 4, 1869	Ulysses Grant
James Buchanan	November 6, 1860	March 4, 1861	Abraham Lincoln
Franklin Pierce	November 4, 1856	March 4, 1857	James Buchanan
Millard Fillmore	November 2, 1852	March 4, 1853	Franklin Pierce
James Polk	November 7, 1848	March 4, 1849[20]	Zachary Taylor
John Tyler	December 4, 1844	March 4, 1845	James Polk
Martin Van Buren	December 2, 1840	March 4, 1841	William Harrison
Andrew Jackson	December 7, 1836	March 4, 1837	Martin Van Buren
John Quincy Adams	December 3, 1828	March 4, 1829	Andrew Jackson
James Monroe	February 9, 1825[21]	March 4, 1825	John Quincy Adams
James Madison	1816	March 4, 1817	James Monroe
Thomas Jefferson	1808	March 4, 1809	James Madison
John Adams	February 17, 1801[22]	March 4, 1801	Thomas Jefferson
George Washington	1796	March 4, 1797	John Adams

See also

• Midnight regulations - rules created by an outgoing administration before it leaves office

References

1. http://www.archives.gov/about/info/mission.html
2. https://www.archives.gov/presidential-libraries/about/faqs.html
3. Gibbs, Nancy (November 10, 2008). "When New President Meets Old, It's Not Always Pretty". TIME.
4. Rudney, Robert. "Lessons Learned from the 1932-1933 Presidential Transition". www.commondreams.org. Retrieved 2008-10-30.
5. Pear, Robert (June 12, 2002). "White House Vandalized In Transition, G.A.O. Finds". The New York Times.
6. Evans, Mike (June 3, 2001). "Bush aide details alleged Clinton staff vandalism". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on June 10, 2001.
7. "Gifts Were Not Meant for Clintons, Some Donors Say". The Washington Post. February 5, 2001. Retrieved May 27, 2010.
8. "Tripp: I was told not to record White House gifts". CNN. February 9, 2001. Retrieved May 27, 2010.
10. Archived January 30, 2009, at the Wayback Machine.
11. https://www.archives.gov/era/acera/presentations/bush-elec-records.ppt.
12. "Topic Galleries". Courant.com. Retrieved 2012-11-07.
13. "Presidential Transition Act of 1963". www.gsa.gov. Archived from the original on November 21, 2008. Retrieved 2008-11-28.
14. "The Presidential Transitions Effectiveness Act of 1998". www.gsa.gov. Archived from the original on November 21, 2008. Retrieved 2008-11-28.
15. "Presidential Transition Act of 2000". www.gsa.gov. Archived from the original on November 21, 2008. Retrieved 2008-11-28.
16. "S. 2705". www.senate.gov. Retrieved 2010-02-09.
17. Date recount was halted by Supreme Court order.
18. Date the contested election was certified by Congress
19. Hayes took his inauguration oath privately on March 3 and publicly on March 5.
20. Taylor was sworn in on March 5.
21. Date Adams was elected by the House of Representatives
22. Date Jefferson was elected by the House of Representatives