Preston Brooks

Preston Brooks
Member of the U.S. House of Representatives from South Carolina's 4th district
In office August 1, 1856 – January 27, 1857
Preceded by	Himself
Succeeded by	Milledge L. Bonham
In office March 4, 1853 – July 15, 1856
Preceded by	John McQueen
Succeeded by	Himself
Member of the South Carolina House of Representatives from Edgefield District
In office November 25, 1844 – December 15, 1845
Personal details
Born	Preston Smith Brooks August 5, 1819 Edgefield County, South Carolina
Died	January 27, 1857 (aged 37) Washington D.C.
Resting place	Edgefield, South Carolina
Political party	Democratic
Military service
Allegiance	United States of America
Service/branch	United States Army
Years of service	1846–1848
Rank	Colonel
Commands	Palmetto Regiment
Battles/wars	Mexican–American War

Preston Smith Brooks (August 5, 1819 – January 27, 1857) was a Democratic Representative from South Carolina, serving from 1853 until his resignation in July 1856 and again from August 1856 until his death.

Brooks was a fervent advocate of slavery and states' rights. He is primarily remembered for beating Senator Charles Sumner (Free Soil-Massachusetts), an abolitionist, with a cane on the floor of the United States Senate, on May 22, 1856. This was in retaliation for an anti-slavery speech by Sumner in which Sumner verbally attacked Brooks' second cousin,^[1][2] Senator Andrew Butler. Brooks' action was applauded by many Southerners and abhorred in the North.^[3] An attempt to oust him from the House of Representatives failed, and he received only token punishment in his criminal trial. He resigned his seat in July 1856 to give his constituents the opportunity to ratify his conduct in a special election, which they did by electing him in August to fill the vacancy created by his resignation. He was reelected to a full term in November 1856 but died five weeks before the term began in March 1857.^[4]

Sumner was seriously injured and unable to take his seat in the Senate for three years, though eventually he recovered and resumed his Senate career.^[5]

Brooks' act and the polarizing national reaction to it are frequently cited as a major factor in the rising tensions leading up to the American Civil War.^[6]

Early life

Born in Roseland, Edgefield County, South Carolina, he was the son of Whitfield and Mary Parsons-Carroll Brooks. Brooks attended South Carolina College (now known as the University of South Carolina) but was expelled just before graduation for threatening local police officers with firearms.^[7] In 1840, Brooks fought a duel with future Texas Senator Louis T. Wigfall and was shot in the hip, forcing him to use a walking cane for the rest of his life. He was admitted to the Bar in 1845. Brooks served in the Mexican–American War with the Palmetto Regiment.

Family

• First marriage: Caroline Harper Means (1820–1843). Brooks was widowed upon her death.
  • Children: Whitfield D. Brooks (1843–1843).
• Second marriage: Martha Caroline Means (April 8, 1826 – March 23, 1901).^[8][9]
  • Children: Caroline Harper Brooks (1849–1924), Rosa Brooks (1849–1933),^[10] Preston Smith Brooks (1854–1928).^[11]

Political career

He was a member of the South Carolina state House of Representatives in 1844. Brooks was elected to the 33rd United States Congress in 1853 as a Democrat. Like his fellow South Carolina Representatives and Senators, Brooks took an extreme pro-slavery position: asserting that the enslavement of black people by whites was right and proper, that any attack or restriction on slavery was an attack on the rights and the social structure of the South.

During Brooks' service as Representative, there was great controversy over slavery in Kansas Territory and whether Kansas would be admitted as a free or slave state. He supported actions by pro-slavery men from Missouri to make Kansas a slave territory. (See Bleeding Kansas.) In March 1856, Brooks wrote: "The fate of the South is to be decided with the Kansas issue. If Kansas becomes a hireling [i.e. free] State, slave property will decline to half its present value in Missouri ... [and] abolitionism will become the prevailing sentiment. So with Arkansas; so with upper Texas."^[12]

Sumner assault

On May 20, 1856, Senator Sumner made a speech denouncing "The Crime Against Kansas", and the Southern leaders whom he regarded as complicit, including Senator Butler.^[13] Sumner compared Butler with Don Quixote for embracing a prostitute (slavery) as his mistress, saying Butler "believes himself a chivalrous knight".

Of course he has chosen a mistress to whom he has made his vows, and who, though ugly to others, is always lovely to him; though polluted in the sight of the world, is chaste in his sight. I mean the harlot Slavery.^[14]

Senator Stephen Douglas of Illinois, who was also a subject of criticism during the speech, suggested to a colleague while Sumner was orating that "this damn fool [Sumner] is going to get himself shot by some other damn fool."^[15]

Sumner's language was intentionally inflammatory; Southerners often claimed that abolition would lead to intermarriage and miscegenation, arguing that abolitionists opposed slavery because they wanted to have sex with and marry black women.^[16] Abolitionists reversed the argument by accusing southerners of loving slavery so they could have slave mistresses at their disposal. As Hoffer (2010) says, "It is also important to note the sexual imagery that recurred throughout the oration, which was neither accidental nor without precedent. Abolitionists routinely accused slaveholders of maintaining slavery so that they could engage in forcible sexual relations with their slaves."^[17]

Laurence M. Keitt

Brooks thought of challenging Sumner to a duel. He consulted with Representative Laurence M. Keitt (also a South Carolina Democrat) on dueling etiquette. Keitt said that dueling was for gentlemen of equal social standing. In his view, Sumner was no gentleman; no better than a drunkard, due to his supposedly coarse and insulting language toward Butler.^[18][19] Brooks then decided to "punish" Sumner with a public beating.

On May 22, two days after Sumner's speech, Brooks entered the Senate chamber in company with Keitt. Also with him was Representative Henry A. Edmundson (Democrat-Virginia), a personal friend with his own history of legislative violence. (Edmundson had been arrested by the House Sergeant at Arms after attempting to attack Representative Lewis D. Campbell of Ohio during a tense debate on the House floor in May 1854).^[20]

J.L. Magee's famous political cartoon of the attack on Sumner

Brooks confronted Sumner, who was seated at his desk, writing letters. He said, "Mr. Sumner, I have read your speech twice over carefully. It is a libel on South Carolina, and Mr. Butler, who is a relative of mine." As Sumner began to stand up, Brooks hit Sumner over the head several times with his cane, made of thick gutta-percha with a gold head. Sumner was trapped under the heavy desk (which was bolted to the floor), but Brooks continued to strike Sumner until Sumner wrenched the desk from the floor in an attempt to escape.^[21] By this time, Sumner was blinded by his own blood. He staggered up the aisle and collapsed unconscious.^[22] Senator John J. Crittenden, Representative Ambrose Murray, and others attempted to restrain Brooks before he killed Sumner, but were blocked by Keitt, who brandished a pistol and shouted at the onlookers to leave Brooks and Sumner alone.^[23][24][25] Brooks continued beating Sumner until the cane broke, then quietly left the chamber with Keitt and Edmundson.^[26] Brooks required medical attention before leaving the Capitol, because he had hit himself above his right eye with one of his backswings.^[27]

Sumner suffered head trauma that would cause him chronic pain and symptoms consistent with what would now be called traumatic brain injury and post-traumatic stress disorder, and spent three years convalescing before returning to his Senate seat. He suffered chronic pain and debilitation for the rest of his life.^[28]

After the attack

The national reaction to Brooks' attack was sharply divided along regional lines. In Congress, members in both houses armed themselves when they ventured onto the floor.^[29]

Brooks was widely cheered across the South, where his attack on Sumner was seen as a legitimate and socially justifiable act, upholding the honor of his family (and the South as a whole) in the face of intolerable insults from a social inferior (and the North as a whole). South Carolinians sent Brooks dozens of new canes, with one bearing the phrase, "Good job". The Richmond Enquirer wrote: "We consider the act good in conception, better in execution, and best of all in consequences. These vulgar abolitionists in the Senate must be lashed into submission." The University of Virginia's Jefferson Literary and Debating Society sent a new gold-headed cane to replace Brooks' broken one. Another cane was inscribed "Hit him again". Southern lawmakers made rings out of the original cane's remains, which they wore on neck chains to show their solidarity with Brooks.^[30]

Congressman Anson Burlingame publicly humiliated Brooks in retaliation by goading Brooks into challenging him to a duel, accepting, then watching Brooks back out. Brooks challenged Burlingame to duel, stating he would gladly face him "in any Yankee mudsill of his choosing". Burlingame, a well-known marksman, eagerly accepted, choosing rifles as the weapons and the Navy Yards in the border town of Niagara Falls, Canada, as the location (in order to circumvent the U.S. ban on dueling). Brooks, reportedly dismayed by both Burlingame's unexpectedly enthusiastic acceptance and his reputation as a crack shot, refused to show up, instead citing unspecified risks to his safety if he was to cross "hostile country" (the Northern states) in order to reach Canada.^[31]

In the House a motion to expel Brooks failed, but Brooks resigned his seat anyway on July 15. Brooks claimed that he "meant no disrespect to the Senate of the United States" by attacking Sumner, and also that he had not intended to kill Sumner, or he would have used a different weapon.

Brooks was tried in a District of Columbia court for the attack. He was convicted of assault and was fined $300 though he was not incarcerated.^[32]

He was quickly returned to office in a special election on August 1, and elected to a new term of office in November of 1856.

In contrast, Northerners, even moderates previously opposed to Sumner's extreme abolitionist invective, were universally shocked and disgusted by Brooks' violence. Anti-slavery men cited it as evidence that the South had lost interest in national debate and now relied on "the bludgeon, the revolver, and the bowie-knife" to display their feelings and silence their opponents. J. L. Magee's political cartoon famously expressed the general Northern sentiment that the South's vaunted chivalry had degenerated into "Argument versus Clubs".

Death

Brooks died unexpectedly from croup in January 1857, a few weeks before the March 4 start of the new congressional term. He was buried in Edgefield, South Carolina. The official telegram announcing his death stated "He died a horrid death, and suffered intensely." Despite terrible weather, thousands went to the Capitol to attend his funeral. Only one speaker, Representative John Houston Savage of Tennessee, openly referred to the attack on Sumner. Savage favorably equated the caning to the assassination of Julius Caesar by Brutus. Republicans left the House in protest. Senator Butler had Savage's comments removed from the published proceedings.

Legacy

The city of Brooksville, Florida (previously known as Melendez),^[33] and Brooks County, Georgia,^[34] are named in Brooks' honor.

Notes

1. Hoffer, Williamjames Hull (2010). The Caning of Charles Sumner. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 7. ISBN 978-0-8018-9469-5.
2. Puleo, Stephen (March 29, 2015). "The US Senate's Darkest Moment: An Excerpt from Stephen Puleo's Book, "The Caning," About an Infamous Fight Between Two Senators". Boston Globe (Boston, MA).
3. Foreman, Amanda (2010). A World On Fire: Britain's Crucial Role in the American Civil War. New York: Random House. p. 34.
4. Foreman, Amanda (2010). A World On Fire: Britain's Crucial Role in the American Civil War. New York: Random House. p. 34.
5. Hoffer, Williamjames Hull. The Caning of Charles Sumner (2010)
6. See Hoffer (2010) for full coverage
7. Hollis, Daniel Walker (1951). University of South Carolina: South Carolina College 1. Columbia: University of South Carolina Press. p. 139.
8. Martha Caroline Means Preston at Find A Grave
9. Watson, Margaret J.; Watson, Henry Legare (1970). Greenwood County Sketches: Old Roads and Early Families. Attic Press. p. 165.
10. "Virginia Death Records 1912-2014, Death Certificate for Rosa Brooks McBee". Ancestry.com. Provo, UT: Ancestry.com LLC. September 24, 1933. Retrieved March 11, 2016. (subscription required (help)).
11. "Tennessee Death Records 1908-1958, Death Certificate for Preston S. Brooks". Ancestry.com. Provo, UT: Ancestry.com LLC. July 6, 1929. Retrieved March 11, 2016. (subscription required (help)).
12. McPherson, James M. (1989). Battle Cry of Freedom: The Civil War Era. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 149. ISBN 978-0-19-503863-7.
13. Hoffer, Williamjames Hull. The Caning of Charles Sumner (2010)
14. Charles Sumner, Memoir and Letters of Charles Sumner: 1845–1860 edited by Edward Pierce (1893) Page 446 online
15. Lockwood, John and Charles. The Siege of Washington (2011) p. 98
16. Przybyszewski, Linda (1999). The Republic According to John Marshall Harlan. Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press. p. 111.
17. Hoffer, p 62
18. "The Compromise of 1850, The Kansas/Nebraska Act, Dred Scott, and John Brown's Raid". Academic Outreach. University of Alabama. Retrieved July 16, 2011.
19. "Bleeding Congress". History Engine. University of Richmond. Retrieved July 16, 2011..
20. Ford, James. History of the United States from the Compromise of 1850: 1850–1854. p. 486
21. Hoffer, Williamjames Hull. The Caning of Charles Sumner (2010)
22. Hoffer, Williamjames Hull. The Caning of Charles Sumner (2010)
23. Hoffer, Williamjames Hull. The Caning of Charles Sumner (2010)
24. Hoffer, Williamjames Hull. The Caning of Charles Sumner (2010)
25. Gugliotta, Guy (2012). Freedom's Cap: The United States Capitol and the Coming of the Civil War. Hill and Wang. p. 237.
26. Hoffer, Williamjames Hull. The Caning of Charles Sumner (2010)
27. Hoffer, Williamjames Hull (2010). The Caning of Charles Sumner: Honor, Idealism, and the Origins of the Civil War. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 8–11. ISBN 978-0-8018-9468-8.
28. Mitchell, Thomas G. Anti-slavery politics in antebellum and Civil War America (2007) p. 95
29. Maury Klein (1999). Days of Defiance: Sumter, Secession, and the Coming of the Civil War. Knopf Doubleday. p. 50.
30. Puleo, 102, 114-115
31. Warren B. Walsh, "The Beginnings of the Burlingame Mission", The Far Eastern Quarterly, Vol. 4, No. 3 (May 1945), pp. 274–277
32. Hoffer, p 83
33. "History of Brooksville". City of Brooksville. Retrieved May 20, 2010.
34. "Brooks County Courthouse". GeorgiaInfo. Digital Library of Georgia. Retrieved May 20, 2010.

References

• Hoffer, Williamjames Hull (2010). The Caning of Charles Sumner: Honor, Idealism, and the Origins of the Civil War. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 978-0-8018-9468-8. (160 pages).
• Puleo, Stephen (2012). The Caning: The Assault That Drove America to Civil War. Yardley, PA: Westholme Publishing LLC. ISBN 978-1-59416-516-0. (374 pages).

External links

• United States Congress. "Preston Brooks (id: B000885)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.
• Full text of Sumner's speech at the Wayback Machine (archived December 26, 2002)
• Brooks' response, after the beating
• An account of the incident, the participants and the aftermath
• "Preston Smith Brooks" at Find A Grave
• Jefferson Society Notes