Primary elections in Italy

Primary elections were first introduced in Italy by Lega Nord in 1995,^[1] but were seldom used until before the 2005 regional elections. In that occasion the centre-left The Union coalition held open primaries in order to select candidates for President of Apulia and Calabria.

A more politically significant primary was held on 16 October 2005, when The Union asked its voters to decide the candidate for Prime Minister in the 2006 general election: 4,300,000 voters showed up and Romano Prodi won hands down. Two years later, on 14 October 2007, voters of the Democratic Party were called to choose the party leader among a list of six, their representatives to the Constituent Assembly and the local leaders. The primary was a success, involving more than 3,500,000 people across Italy, and gave to the winner Walter Veltroni momentum in a difficult period for the government and the centre-left coalition.

The centre-right House of Freedoms/The People of Freedom has never held a primary at the national level, but held some experiments at the very local level.

Regulatory rules

There are no laws at the national level to govern the conduct of any primary election.

In 2004 Tuscany introduced a regional law^[2] regulating primaries, but parties are not mandated to hold primaries. As of today, these rules were used in occasion of the 2005 regional election by the Democrats of the Left and Future Tuscany,^[3] and in the 2010 regional election by the Democratic Party and Left Ecology Freedom.^[4]

Most relevant primary elections

The list includes the results of primary elections for prime minister, president of region, mayor of a city with 150,000 inhabitants, deputies, senators, MEPs, and leader of major party. All the following primaries were funded and ran by parties, with the sole exception of those for the Regional Council of Tuscany.

2004–2010

Primary date(s)	Party/Coalition	Type of primary	Position(s)	Winner	Article
28 November 2004	The Union	Convention	President of Calabria	Agazio Loiero
16 January 2005	The Union	Open primary	President of Apulia	Nichi Vendola
16 October 2005	The Union	Open primary	Prime Minister of Italy	Romano Prodi	link
4 December 2005	The Union	Open primary	President of Sicily	Rita Borsellino
29 January 2005	The Union	Open primary	Mayor of Milan	Bruno Ferrante
4 February 2007	The Union	Open primary	Mayor of Genoa	Marta Vincenzi
4 February 2007	The Union	Open primary	Mayor of Palermo	Leoluca Orlando
14 October 2007	Democratic Party	Open primary	Party leader	Walter Veltroni	link
14 December 2008	Democratic Party and allies	Open primary	Mayor of Bologna	Flavio Delbono
14 February 2009	Democratic Party and allies	Open primary	Mayor of Florence	Matteo Renzi
25 October 2009	Democratic Party	Open primary	Party leader	Pier Luigi Bersani	link
24 January 2010	Democratic Party and allies	Open primary	President of Apulia	Nichi Vendola^[5]
24 January 2010	Democratic Party and allies	Open primary	Mayor of Venice	Giorgio Orsoni^[6]
7 February 2010	Democratic Party and allies	Open primary	President of Umbria	Catiuscia Marini^[7]
14 February 2010	Democratic Party and allies	Open primary	President of Calabria	Agazio Loiero^[8]
14 November 2010	Democratic Party and allies	Open primary	Mayor of Milan	Giuliano Pisapia	link
12 December 2010	Democratic Party and allies	Open primary	Mayor of Trieste	Roberto Cosolini^[9]

2011–2015

Primary date(s)	Party/Coalition	Type of primary	Position(s)	Winner	Article
23 January 2011	Democratic Party and allies	Open primary	Mayor of Bologna	Virginio Merola
23 January 2011	Democratic Party and allies	Open primary	Mayor of Naples	Andrea Cozzolino*
30 January 2011	Democratic Party and allies	Open primary	Mayor of Cagliari	Massimo Zedda
27 February 2011	Democratic Party and allies	Open primary	Mayor of Turin	Piero Fassino
4 December 2011	Democratic Party and allies	Open primary	Mayor of Verona	Michele Bertucco^[10]
29 January 2012	Democratic Party and allies	Open primary	Mayor of Parma	Vincenzo Bernazzoli^[11]
12 February 2012	Democratic Party and allies	Open primary	Mayor of Genoa	Marco Doria^[12]
4 March 2012	Democratic Party and allies	Open primary	Mayor of Palermo	Fabrizio Ferrandelli^[13]
25 November 2012	Democratic Party and allies	Open primary	Prime Minister of Italy	Pier Luigi Bersani^[14]	link
3–6 December 2012	Five Star Movement	Closed primary	Deputies and senators	several winners
15 December 2012	Democratic Party and allies	Open primary	President of Lombardy	Umberto Ambrosoli^[15]
29–30 December 2012	Democratic Party	Closed primary	Deputies and senators	several winners	link
29–30 December 2012	Left Ecology Freedom	Closed primary	Deputies and senators	several winners
6 January 2013	South Tyrolean People's Party	Closed primary	Deputies and senators	several winners^[16]
24 March 2013	Valdostan Union	Closed primary	Regional councillors	several winners^[17]^[18]
7 April 2013	Democratic Party and allies	Open primary	Mayor of Rome	Ignazio Marino^[19]
14 April 2013	Democratic Party and allies	Open primary	Mayor of Brescia	Emilio Del Bono^[20]
21 April 2013	South Tyrolean People's Party	Closed primary	Governor of South Tyrol	Arno Kompatscher^[21]
13 July 2013	Democratic Party and allies	Open primary	President of Trentino	Ugo Rossi^[22]
22 September 2013	Democratic Party and allies	Open primary	President of Basilicata	Marcello Pittella^[23]
29 September 2013	Democratic Party and allies	Open primary	President of Sardinia	Francesca Barracciu^[24]*
7 December 2013	Lega Nord	Closed primary	Party leader	Matteo Salvini^[25]	link
8 December 2013	Democratic Party	Open primary	Party leader	Matteo Renzi^[26]	link
2 February 2014	Democratic Party and allies	Open primary	Mayor of Padua	Ivo Rossi^[27]
23 February 2014	Democratic Party and allies	Open primary	Mayor of Bari	Antonio Decaro^[28]
23 February 2014	Brothers of Italy	Open primary	Party leader	Giorgia Meloni^[29]
2 March 2014	Democratic Party and allies	Open primary	Mayor of Modena	Gian Carlo Muzzarelli^[30]
2 March 2014	Democratic Party and allies	Open primary	Mayor of Reggio Emilia	Luca Vecchi^[31]
9 March 2014	Democratic Party and allies	Open primary	Mayor of Foggia	Augusto Marasco^[32]
16 March 2014	Democratic Party and allies	Open primary	Mayor of Livorno	Marco Ruggeri^[33]
23 March 2014	Democratic Party	Open primary	Mayor of Florence	Dario Nardella^[34]
31 March 2014 3 April 2014	Five Star Movement	Closed primary	MEPs	several winners
28 September 2014	Democratic Party	Open primary	President of Emilia-Romagna	Stefano Bonaccini^[35]
5 October 2014	Democratic Party and allies	Open primary	President of Calabria	Mario Oliverio^[36]
30 November 2014	Democratic Party and allies	Open primary	President of Veneto	Alessandra Moretti^[37]
30 November 2014	Democratic Party and allies	Open primary	President of Apulia	Michele Emiliano^[38]
11 January 2015	Democratic Party and allies	Open primary	President of Liguria	Raffaella Paita^[39]
1 March 2015	Democratic Party and allies	Open primary	President of Marche	Luca Ceriscioli^[40]
1 March 2015	Democratic Party and allies	Open primary	President of Campania	Vincenzo De Luca^[41]
16 March 2015	Democratic Party and allies	Open primary	Mayor of Venice	Felice Casson^[42]
10 November 2015	Five Star Movement	Closed primary	Mayor of Milan	Patrizia Bedori^[43]*
10 November 2015	Five Star Movement	Closed primary	Mayor of Turin	Chiara Appendino^[44]
15 December 2015	Five Star Movement	Closed primary	Mayor of Ravenna	Michela Guerra^[45]*

*Candidate who retired in the run-up of the general election and were replaced by other candidates without a primary vote.

2016–present

Primary date(s)	Party/Coalition	Type of primary	Position(s)	Winner	Article
7 February 2016	Democratic Party and allies	Open primary	Mayor of Milan	Giuseppe Sala^[46]	link
18 February 2016 23 February 2016	Five Star Movement	Closed primary	Mayor of Rome	Virginia Raggi^[47]
23 February 2016	Five Star Movement	Closed primary	Mayor of Trieste	Paolo Menis^[48]
6 March 2016	Democratic Party and allies	Open primary	Mayor of Naples	Valeria Valente^[49]
6 March 2016	Democratic Party and allies	Open primary	Mayor of Rome	Roberto Giachetti^[49]
6 March 2016	Democratic Party and allies	Open primary	Mayor of Trieste	Roberto Cosolini^[50]
9 and 15 March 2016	Five Star Movement	Closed primary	Mayor of Naples	Matteo Brambilla^[51]
15 March 2016	Five Star Movement	Closed primary	Mayor of Cagliari	Maria Antonietta Martinez^[52]

References

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