Prison farm

For the 1938 film, see Prison Farm (film).

Mississippi State Penitentiary, an American prison farm in Sunflower County, Mississippi

Louisiana State Penitentiary, an American prison farm in West Feliciana Parish, Louisiana

A prison farm is a large correctional facility where penal labor convicts are put to economical use in a farm (in the wide sense of a productive unit), usually for manual labor, largely in open air, such as in agriculture, logging, quarrying, and mining. The concepts of prison farm and labor camp overlap. The historical equivalent on a very large scale was called a penal colony.^[1]

The agricultural goods produced by prison farms are generally used primarily to feed the prisoners themselves and other wards of the state (residents of orphanages, asylums, etc.), and secondarily, to be sold for whatever profit the state may be able to obtain.^[2]

In addition to being forced to labor directly for the government on a prison farm or in a penal colony, inmates may be forced to do farm work for private enterprises by being farmed out through the practice of convict leasing to work on private agricultural lands or related industries (fishing, lumbering, etc.). The party purchasing their labor from the government generally does so at a steep discount from the cost of free labor.^[1]

Depending on the prevailing doctrine on judicial punishment and penal harm, psychological and/or physical cruelty may be a conscious intent of prison farm labor, and not just an inevitable but unintended collateral effect.

Other prison industries

Convicts may also be leased for non-agricultural work, either directly to state entities, or to private industry. For example, prisoners may make license plates under contract to the state Department of Motor Vehicles, work in textile or other state run factories, or may perform data processing for outside firms. These laborers are typically considered to be a part of prison industries and not prison farms.

In the United States (partial list)

State	Facility	Type of work
Alabama	Draper Correctional Facility	Farming ^[3]
Alabama	G.K. Fountain Correctional Facility	Cattle and Agricultural Operations, and Vegetable Gardens ^[4]
Alabama	Limestone Correctional Facility	Cattle and Farming ^[5]
Alaska	Point MacKenzie Correctional Farm	Hogs, Cattle, Turkeys, and Chickens, Produce Operations, and Hydroponics Program ^[6]
Arkansas	Cummins Unit	Horse and Agricultural Operations ^[7]
Arkansas	East Arkansas Regional Unit	Farming ^[8]
Arkansas	Grimes Unit	Agricultural Gardening Program ^[9]
Arkansas	North Central Unit	Garden and Forage Production ^[10]
Arkansas	Ouachita River Unit	Livestock and Forage Production, Gravel Harvesting ^[11]
Arkansas	Pine Bluff Unit	Horse operation ^[12]
Arkansas	Tucker Unit	Agricultural Operations ^[13]
Arkansas	Wrightsville Unit	Horse Operations, Agricultural Operations ^[14]
California	California State Prison, Corcoran	Dairy/Milk Processing ^[15]
California	Central California Women's Facility	Farming ^[16]
California	Valley State Prison	Farming ^[17]
California	Wasco State Prison	Farming ^[18]
Colorado	Buena Vista Correctional Complex	Fish Hatchery ^[19]
Colorado	Four Mile Correctional Center	Dairy, Wild Horse Inmate Program ^[20]
Colorado	Rifle Correctional Center	Timber ^[21]
Colorado	Skyline Correctional Center	Fish Hatchery, Farming, Vineyard, Goat and Water Buffalo Dairy, Mountain Sheep ^[22]
Florida	Apalachee Correctional Institution, West Unit / P.R.I.D.E.	Beef Cattle, Lumber, Agricultural ^[23]
Florida	Charlotte Correctional Institution / P.R.I.D.E.	Citrus ^[24]
Florida	Union Correctional Institution / P.R.I.D.E.	Beef Cattle, Lumber ^[25]
Georgia	Arrendale State Prison	Cattle and Swine, Hay Farming ^[26]
Georgia	Dooly State Prison	Farm Services ^[27]
Georgia	Montgomery State Prison	Poultry and Egg Production ^[28]
Georgia	Rogers State Prison	Dairy, Beef Cattle, Swine, Farming ^[29]
Georgia	Washington State Prison	Farming ^[30]
Hawaii	Halawa Correctional Facility / Hawaii Correctional Industries	Farming ^[31]
Hawaii	Waiawa Correctional Facility	Farming ^[32]

Legal framework

The 13th Amendment to the United States Constitution, which ended slavery, specifically perpetuated the concept of penal servitude – i.e., unfree labor as a punishment for a crime.

Britain had a long history of penal servitude even prior to the passage of the Penal Servitude Act of 1853, and routinely used convict labor to settle its conquests, either through penal colonies or by selling convicts to settlers to serve as slaves for a term of years as indentured servants.

Scope

The Clemens Unit, a prison farm in Brazoria County, Texas

The Cummins Unit, a prison farm in Lincoln County, Arkansas

This type of penal institution has mainly been implanted in rural regions of vast countries. For example, the following passage describes the prison system of the U.S. state of Virginia in the early twentieth century:

"The state prison is at Raleigh, although most of the convicts are distributed upon farms owned and operated by the state. The lease system does not prevail, but the farming out of convict labor is permitted by the constitution; such labor is used chiefly for the building of railways, the convicts so employed being at all times cared for and guarded by state officials. A reformatory for white youth between the ages of seven and sixteen, under the name of the Stonewall Jackson Manual Training and Industrial School, was opened at Concord in 1909, and in March 1909 the Foulk Reformatory and Manual Training School for negro youth was provided for. Charitable and penal institutions are under the supervision of a Board of Public Charities, appointed by the governor for a period of six years, the terms of the different members expiring in different years. Private institutions for the care of the insane, idiots, feeble-minded and inebriates may be established, but must be licensed and regulated by the state board and become legally a part of the system of public charities."

In 21st-century Illinois, several prisons continue to run farms to produce food for wards of the state, including the prisoners themselves. The 1911 Britannica also reported that the state of Rhode Island had a farm of 667 acres (2.70 km²) in the southern part of Cranston City housing (and presumably taking labor from):

"the state prison, the Providence county jail, the state workhouse and the house of correction, the state almshouse, the state hospital for the insane, the Sockanosset school for boys, and the Oaklawn school for girls, the last two being departments of the state reform school."

There are prison farms in other countries. Canada has six prison farms, where 300 inmates do everything from tending pigs to milking cows.

In fiction

Films featuring prison farms and forced prison labor:

I Am a Fugitive from a Chain Gang is an award-winning movie released in 1932, which depicted the degrading and inhumane treatment on chain gangs in the post–World War I era.
Prison Farm (1938)
Gone with the Wind (1939) scenes of Scarlett O'Hara's leased convicts at work in her lumber mills
Sullivan's Travels (1941)
City Without Men (1943)
Chain Gang (1950) starred Douglas Kennedy (actor) as a reporter working as a guard to expose corruption and brutality.^[33]
Cool Hand Luke (1967)
Papillon (1973)
Scarecrow (1973)
Nightmare in Badham County (1976)
Buckstone County Prison (1978)
They Went That-A-Way & That-A-Way (1978)
Brubaker (1980)
Life (1999)
O Brother, Where Art Thou? (2000)
Civil Brand (2002)
In "Les Misérables" by Victor Hugo, which has had several movie adaptations, the character Jean Valjean is part of a chain gang ("le bagne", which is usually translated as "the galleys" or "the prison hulks") as part of his punishment for stealing bread.

References

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "^{article name needed}". Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.

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