Process analytical chemistry

Process Analytical Chemistry (PAC), is similar to Process Analytical Technology (PAT) (for example used for the pharmaceutical industry) has its origins as a specialized form of analytical chemistry used for process manufacturing. Process analytical chemistry is the application of analytical chemistry with specialized techniques, algorithms, and sampling equipment for solving problems related to chemical processes. The chemical processes are for production and quality control of manufactured products, and process analytical technology is used to determine the physical and chemical composition of the desired products during a manufacturing process. It is first mentioned in the chemical literature in 1946(1,2).^[1]

Process analysis initially involved sampling the variety of process streams or webs and transporting samples to quality control or central analytical service laboratories. Time delays for analytical results due to sample transport and analytical preparation steps negated the value of many chemical analyses for purposes other than product release. Over time it was understood that real-time measurements provided timely information about a process, which was far more useful for high efficiency and quality. The development of real-time process analysis has provided information for process optimization during any manufacturing process. The journal Analytical Chemistry (journal) publishes a biennial review of the most recent developments in the field.^[2]

The first real-time measurements in a production environment were made with modified laboratory instrumentation; in recent times specialized process and handheld instrumentation has been developed for immediate analysis.

Process Analytical Chemistry involves the following sub-disciplines of analytical chemistry:

•Microanalytical Systems • Micro Electro Mechanical Systems (MEMS) • Micro Total Analytical Systems (μTAS) • Microanalytical • Microfluidics • Microreactors • Nanotechnology •Biosensors • Sensor Development • Biological Agents Detection • Chemical Detection • Chemical Agent Detection • Sampling and New Sampling Systems • Electrochemistry or electrophoresis •Chromatography • LC-MS/MS • GC-MS • Liquid Chromatography • LC-MS-NMR • LC-MS-MDF •Spectroscopy • UV-Vis Spectroscopy • Fluorescence • Imaging spectroscopy • Infrared Spectroscopy • LIBS • Near-Infrared • NMR • Raman Spectroscopy (SERS) • Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR) • Terahertz spectroscopy • X-ray Spectroscopy •Mass Spectrometry • MALDI-MS • FT-ICR-MS • PTR-MS •Process Chemometrics • Chemometrics or multivariate analysis • Batch Modeling and MSPC • Pharmaceutical Chemometrics • Pharmaceutical (PAT) • AI or Artificial Intelligence •Informatics • Cheminformatics •Process Control • Automation of Process Analytical Systems • Control Systems • Process Control Algorithms •Flow Injection Analysis (FIA) •Ultrasound •Handheld sensors

References

1. Anal. Chem., 1999, 71 (12), pp 121–180; doi:10.1021/a1990007s accessed 2010-09-09
2. Analytical Chemistry: Process Analytical Chemistry Reviews accessed 2010-09-09

External Source List

1. McMahon, T.; Wright, E. L. in Analytical Instrumentation: A Practical Guide for Measurement and Control; Sherman, R.E., Rhodes, L. J., Eds.; Instrument Society of America: Research Triangle Park, NC, 1996.

2. Gregory, C. H. (Team Leader); Appleton, H. B.; Lowes, A. P.; Whalen, F. C. Instrumentation & Control in the German Chemical Industry. British Intelligence Operations Subcommittee Report 1007, 12 June 1946 (per discussion with Terry McMahon).

Selected Reviews

• 2009: Jerome J. Workman, Jr., Mel Koch, Barry Lavine and Ray Chrisman, Anal. Chem., 2009, 81 (12), pp 4623–4643.

• 2007: Jerome Workman, Jr., Mel Koch, and Dave Veltkamp, Anal. Chem., 2007, 79 (12), pp 4345–4364.

• 2005: Jerome Workman, Jr., Mel Koch, and Dave Veltkamp, Anal. Chem., 2005, 77 (12), pp 3789–3806.

• 2003: Jerome Workman, Jr., Mel Koch, and David J. Veltkamp, Anal. Chem., 2003, 75 (12), pp 2859–2876.

• 2001: Jerome Workman, Jr., Ken E. Creasy, Steve Doherty, Leonard Bond, Mel Koch, Alan Ullman, and David J. Veltkamp, Anal. Chem., 2001, 73 (12), pp 2705–2718.

• 1999: Jerome Workman, Jr., David J. Veltkamp, Steve Doherty, Brian B. Anderson, Ken E. Creasy, Mel Koch, James F. Tatera, Alex L. Robinson, Leonard Bond, Lloyd W. Burgess, Gary N. Bokerman, Alan H. Ullman, Gary P. Darsey, Foad Mozayeni, Judith Ann Bamberger, and Margaret Stautberg Greenwood, Anal. Chem., 1999, 71 (12), pp 121–180.

• 1995: Wayne W. Blaser, Robert A. Bredeweg, Richard S. Harner, Mark A. LaPack, Anne. Leugers, Daniel P. Martin, Randy J. Pell, Jerome Workman, Larry G. Wright, Anal. Chem., 1995, 67 (12), pp 47–70.