Procryptocerus
| Procryptocerus | |
|---|---|
 | |
| P. hylaeus worker from Paraguay | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Hymenoptera |
| Suborder: | Apocrita |
| Family: | Formicidae |
| Subfamily: | Myrmicinae |
| Tribe: | Attini |
| Genus: | Procryptocerus Emery, 1887 |
| Type species | |
| Meranoplus striatus[1] Smith, 1860 | |
| Diversity[2] | |
| 45 species | |
Procryptocerus is a Neotropical genus of gliding ants, with the ability to "parachute" by steering their fall if they drop off of the tree they're on.
Distribution
Procryptocerus inhabits rainforests from the Isthmus of Tehuantepec in Mexico to northern Argentina. Due to their cryptic habits, living inside twigs, these ants are rarely collected. At present, most species are known from Central America, Colombia and Brazil.[3]
Taxonomy
The genus was created by Emery (1887) to include species of Neotropical ants that were considered similar to those of the Paleotropical genus Cataulacus.[3]
Procryptocerus has been the object of two revisionary studies. Kempf (1951) revised the entire genus and Longino and Snelling (2002) the Central American species. Kempf (1951) recognized 28 species, and 8 subspecies, while for Central America Longino and Snelling (2002) recognized 14 species, described four new species, synonymized two species, and elevated two subspecies to species level.[3] Currently, 45 species are included in the genus.[2]
Description
The genus is characterized by the protrusion of the clypeus forming a broad nasus and antennal scrobes over the eyes. The toruli are located right posterior to the flanks of the nasus opposite to each other. The vertex is deflexed posteriorly in most species.[4] Procryptocerus ants possess notoriously variable morphology. Different characters, such as propodeal spine length, form of the clypeus, type of sculpture, and other such characters vary remarkably, sometimes even within the same species. Knowledge of morphology and anatomy is incomplete for all species.[3]
Adult workers are mostly black in color, body variously sculptured and monomorphic, ranging from 3.5–8.5 mm. Although similar to workers, gyne are larger (3.7–9.5 mm) with thoracic sclerites corresponding to alates in other apocritans.[5][6] Males are longer and more slender than gynes, ranging from 4.8 mm to 9.9 mm in length.[7]
Species
- Procryptocerus adlerzi (Mayr, 1887)
- Procryptocerus attenuatus (Smith, 1876)
- Procryptocerus balzani Emery, 1894
- Procryptocerus batesi Forel, 1899
- Procryptocerus belti Forel, 1899
- Procryptocerus carbonarius (Mayr, 1870)
- Procryptocerus clathratus Emery, 1896
- Procryptocerus convergens (Mayr, 1887)
- Procryptocerus convexus Forel, 1904
- Procryptocerus coriarius (Mayr, 1870)
- Procryptocerus curvistriatus Kempf, 1949
- Procryptocerus eladio Longino & Snelling, 2002
- Procryptocerus elegans Santschi, 1921
- Procryptocerus ferreri Forel, 1912
- Procryptocerus gibbosus Kempf, 1949
- Procryptocerus goeldii Forel, 1899
- Procryptocerus gracilis (Smith, 1858)
- Procryptocerus hirsutus Emery, 1896
- Procryptocerus hylaeus Kempf, 1951
- Procryptocerus impressus Forel, 1899
- Procryptocerus kempfi Longino & Snelling, 2002
- Procryptocerus lenkoi Kempf, 1969
- Procryptocerus lepidus Forel, 1908
- Procryptocerus marginatus Borgmeier, 1948
- Procryptocerus mayri Forel, 1899
- Procryptocerus montanus Kempf, 1957
- Procryptocerus nalini Longino & Snelling, 2002
- Procryptocerus paleatus Emery, 1896
- Procryptocerus petiolatus (Smith, 1853)
- Procryptocerus pictipes Emery, 1896
- Procryptocerus regularis Emery, 1888
- Procryptocerus rudis (Mayr, 1870)
- Procryptocerus sampaioi Forel, 1912
- Procryptocerus scabriusculus Forel, 1899
- Procryptocerus schmalzi Emery, 1894
- Procryptocerus schmitti Forel, 1901
- Procryptocerus seabrai Kempf, 1964
- Procryptocerus spiniperdus Forel, 1899
- Procryptocerus spinosus (Smith, 1859)
- Procryptocerus striatus (Smith, 1860)
- Procryptocerus subpilosus (Smith, 1860)
- Procryptocerus sulcatus Emery, 1894
- Procryptocerus tortuguero Longino & Snelling, 2002
- Procryptocerus victoris Kempf, 1960
- Procryptocerus virgatus Kempf, 1964
References
- ↑ "Genus: Procryptocerus". antweb.org. AntWeb. Retrieved 11 October 2013.
- 1 2 Bolton, B. (2015). "Procryptocerus". AntCat. Retrieved 20 January 2015.
- 1 2 3 4 Serna & Mackay 2010, p. 2
- ↑ Serna & Mackay 2010, p. 1
- ↑ Serna & Mackay 2010, p. 6
- ↑ Serna & Mackay 2010, p. 11
- ↑ Serna & Mackay 2010, p. 14
- Emery, C (1887). "Catalogo delle formiche esistenti nelle collezioni del Museo Civico di Genova. Parte terza. Formiche della regione Indo-Malese e delláustralia". Annali del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Giacomo Doria 4: 209–258.
- Kempf, WW (1951). "A taxonomic study on the ant tribe Cephalotini (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)". Revista de Entomologia 22: 1–244.
- Longino JT, Snelling RR. (2002) "A Taxonomic revision of the Procryptocerus (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) of Central America." Contributions in Science, Number 495. Natural History Museum, Los Angeles.
- Serna, F.; Mackay, W. (2010). "A descriptive morphology of the ant genus Procryptocerus (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)" (PDF). Journal of Insect Science 10 (111): 1–36. doi:10.1673/031.010.11101.
This article incorporates text from a scholarly publication published under a copyright license that allows anyone to reuse, revise, remix and redistribute the materials in any form for any purpose: Serna, F.; Mackay, W. (2010). "A descriptive morphology of the ant genus Procryptocerus (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)" (PDF). Journal of Insect Science 10 (111): 1–36. doi:10.1673/031.010.11101. Please check the source for the exact licensing terms.
External links
Media related to Procryptocerus at Wikimedia Commons