Kilo-class submarine

Russian Black Sea Fleet's B-265 Krasnodar Improved Kilo-class submarine on the eve of Submariner Day.
Class overview
Builders:	Central Design Bureau for Marine Engineering "Rubin" Shipyard 199 "Krasnoe Sormovo", Nizhniy Novgorod (Gorkiy) Shipyard 112,"imeni Leninskogo Komsomola", Komsoloľsk na Amure Shipyard "Leningradskoe Admiralteyskoe Obedinenie" (Admiralteyskie Verfi), Saint Petersburg (Leningrad) Shipyard "Severnoe Mašinostroiteľnoe Predprijatie", Severodvinsk
Operators:	Soviet Navy  Russian Navy  People's Liberation Army Navy  Indian Navy  Islamic Republic of Iran Navy  Polish Navy  Romanian Naval Forces  Algerian National Navy  Vietnam People's Navy
Preceded by:	Tango class
Succeeded by:	Lada class
In commission:	April 1982
Building:	7
Completed:	57
Active:	48
Retired:	2
General characteristics
Displacement:	Surfaced: 2,300–2,350 tons Submerged: 3,000-3,950 tons full load
Length:	70.0–74.0 m (229 ft 8 in–242 ft 9 in)
Beam:	9.9 m (32 ft 6 in)
Draft:	6.5 m (21 ft 4 in)
Installed power:	Diesel-electric
Propulsion:	Diesel-electric propulsion 2 × 1000 kW Diesel generators 1 × 5,500–6,800 shp (4,100–5,100 kW) Propulsion motor 1 × fixed-pitch 6 or 7 bladed propeller (6BL project 877) (7BL project 636)
Speed:	Surfaced: 10–12 knots (19–22 km/h; 12–14 mph) Submerged: 17–25 knots (31–46 km/h; 20–29 mph)
Range:	With snorkel: 6,000–7,500 nmi (11,100–13,900 km; 6,900–8,600 mi) at 7 kn (13 km/h; 8.1 mph) Submerged: 400 nmi (740 km; 460 mi) at 3 kn (5.6 km/h; 3.5 mph) Full run: 12.7 nmi (23.5 km; 14.6 mi) at 21 kn (39 km/h; 24 mph)
Endurance:	45 days
Test depth:	Operational: 240 m (790 ft) Maximum: 300 m (980 ft)
Complement:	52
Armament:	6 x 533 mm (21 in) torpedo tubes 18 torpedoes Kalibr / Club land-attack cruise missile, anti-ship missile and anti-submarine missile (some versions) 24 mines 8 SA-N-8 Gremlin or 8 SA-N-10 Gimlet Surface-to-air missiles (export submarines may not be equipped with air defense weapons)

A Russian, Kilo-class diesel-powered attack submarine underway on the surface.

The Kilo class is the NATO reporting name for a naval diesel-electric submarine that is made in Russia. The original version of the vessels were designated Project 877 Paltus (Halibut) in Soviet Union. There is also a more advanced version, designated as Improved Kilo-class submarine in the West, and Project 636 Varshavyanka in Russia.

Role

These attack submarines are mainly intended for anti-shipping and anti-submarine operations in relatively shallow waters. Original Project 877 boats are equipped with Rubikon MGK-400 sonar system (with NATO reporting name Shark Gill), which includes a mine detection and avoidance sonar MG-519 Arfa (with NATO reporting name Mouse Roar).

Newer Project 636 boats are equipped with improved MGK-400EM, with MG-519 Afra also upgraded to MG-519EM. The improved sonar systems have reduced the number of operators needed by sharing the same console via automation.

Anechoic tiles are fitted on casings and fins to absorb the sound waves of active sonar, which results in a reduction and distortion of the return signal.^[1] These tiles also help attenuate sounds that are emitted from the submarine, thus reducing the range at which the sub may be detected by passive sonar.^[2]

Future

The Kilo class was to have been succeeded by the Lada class. In November 2011, the Russian Navy announced that the Lada class will not enter service because trials with the lead boat of the new class, Sankt Peterburg (B-585) had shown major deficiencies. Construction of two further boats was suspended.^[3]

On 27 July 2012, the Russian Navy commander-in-chief announced that construction of the Lada-class submarines will resume, having undergone design changes.^[4]

Variants

One Kilo-class submarine, B-871, was equipped with pump-jet propulsion.^[5][6]

The version Kilo 636MV (exported to Vietnam) contains a GE2-01 radar and an improved MGK 400E sonar. In this version, the submarine is also able to operate in more weather conditions than the original Kilo-class submarines.^[7]

Operators

The first submarine entered service in the Soviet Navy in 1980, and the class remains in use with the Russian Navy today. As of September 2011, 17 vessels were believed to still be in active service with the Russian Navy, while 7 vessels were thought to be in reserve.^[8] 33 vessels have been exported to several countries:

•  Algeria : 2 Original Kilo, 2 Improved Kilo.^[9] 2 Kilo 636M (contract being finalized)^{[10][11][12][13][14]}
•  People's Republic of China : 2 Original Kilo, 10 Improved Kilo.^[15][16][17]
•  India : Designated as the Sindhughosh class; 10, one sustained major casualty^[18][19]
•  Poland : 1 Kilo ORP Orzeł.^[20]
•  Iran : 3 Kilo.^[21]
•  Romania : 1 Kilo – (Delfinul).^[22]
•  Russia : 20 Kilo in active service (B-445; B-459 Vladikavkaz; B-464 Ust-Kamchatsk; B-471 Magnitogorsk; B-494 Ust-Bolsheretsk; B-800 Kaluga; B-871 Alrosa; B-808 Yaroslavl; B-177 Lipetsk; B-806; B-340; B-190; B-227; B-260 Chita; B-345; B-394; B-402 Vologda).^[23] 3 Improved Kilo in active service, 3 Improved Kilo ordered.^[24]
•  Vietnam : 6 Improved Kilo (Kilo-636 KMV) on order, contract signed in 2009, production of one per year.^[25][26]

Possible operators

• The government of Venezuela expressed interest in buying 3 Project 636 Kilo-class submarines^[27]
• The government of Indonesia in 2007-2008 planned to acquire at least 2 Kilo-class submarines. In October 2013, the ministry of defence of Indonesia reported the possibility of a grant from the Russian government involving up to ten ex-Russian navy Kilo-class submarines. Army General Moeldoko, Indonesian Armed Forces chief of staff, announced that a team will be sent to Russia last month to inspect the condition of future submarines.^[28]

Specifications

Schematic drawing of the Kilo class

There are several variants of the Kilo class. The information below is the smallest and largest number from the available information for all three variants of the ship.^[18]

• Displacement:
  • 2,300–2,350 tons surfaced
  • 3,000–4,000 tons submerged
• Dimensions:
  • Length: 70–74 meters
  • Beam: 9.9 meters
  • Draft: 6.2–6.5 meters
• Maximum speed
  • 10–12 knots surfaced (18–22 km/h)
  • 17–25 knots submerged (31–46 km/h)
• Propulsion: Diesel-electric 5,900 shp (4,400 kW)
• Maximum depth: 300 meters (240–250 meters operational)
• Endurance
  • 400 nautical miles (700 km) at 3 knots (6 km/h) submerged
  • 6,000 nautical miles (11,000 km) at 7 knots (13 km/h) snorkeling (7,500 miles for the Improved Kilo class)
  • 45 days sea endurance
• Armament
  • Air defence: 8 SA-N-8 Gremlin or SA-N-10 Gimlet^[29] surface-to-air missiles (export submarines may not be equipped with air defense weapons)
  • Six 533 mm torpedo tubes with 18 53-65 ASuW or TEST 71/76 ASW torpedoes or VA-111 Shkval supercavitating "underwater missiles", or 24 DM-1 mines,
  • Kalibr-PL (export name Club-S) anti-ship, anti-submarine and land attack cruise missile
• Crew: 52
• Price per unit is US$200–250 million (China paid approx. US$1.5-2 billion for 8 Project 636 Kilo-class submarines)

Gallery

• 

  The Polish Kilo class submarine ORP Orzeł, 26 June 2011

• 

  Russian Kilo-class submarine Vologda

• 

  An Algerian Kilo-class submarine

• 

  A Chinese Kilo-class submarine being delivered from Russia as deck cargo in 1995.

• 

  ORP Orzeł, the control room of an 877E class submarine

• 

  The Iranian Kilo-class submarine Yunes, during delivery in 1995.

Project 877 units

Project 877 – significant dates

Operator	#	Name	Shipyard	Project	Laid down	Launched	Commissioned	Fleet	Status
Russia	B-248	x	Komsomoľsk na Amure	877	16 March 1980	12 September 1980	31 December 1980		in reserve
Russia	B-260	Chita	Komsomoľsk na Amure	877	22 February 1981	23 August 1981	30 December 1981	PF	active as of 2010
Russia	B-227	Vyborg	Komsomoľsk na Amure	877	23 February 1982	16 September 1982	23 February 1983	BF	active
Russia	B-229	x	Komsomoľsk na Amure	877	23 February 1983	15 July 1983	30 October 1983		in reserve
Russia	B-404	x	Komsomoľsk na Amure	877	7 May 1983	24 September 1983	30 December 1983		in reserve
Russia	B-401	Novosibirsk	Nizhniy Novgorod	877	6 October 1982	15 March 1984	30 September 1984	NF	active as of 2010
Russia	B-402	Vologda	Nizhniy Novgorod	877	24 August 1983	29 September 1984	30 December 1984	NF	active as of 2010
Russia	B-405	(ex Tyumenskiy Komsomolets)	Komsomoľsk na Amure	877	20 April 1984	21 September 1984	30 December 1984		decommissioned and sold for scrap in 2007
Poland	291 (ex-B-351)	Orzeł	Nizhniy Novgorod	877E	1984	1985	1985		active as of 2010
Romania	581 (ex-B-801)	Delfinul	Nizhniy Novgorod	877E	1984	1985	1985		unknown (in reserve from 1995)
India	S55	Sindhughosh	Saint Petersburg	877EKM	29 May 1983	29 July 1985	25 November 1985		active as of 2010, modernized to project 08773 in 2002–2005
Russia	B-470	x	Komsomoľsk na Amure	877	6 May 1985	27 August 1985	30 December 1985		decommissioned and sold for scrap in 2007
Russia	B-806	x	Nizhniy Novgorod	877EKM	15 October 1984	30 April 1986	25 September 1986	BF	active as of 2009, status in 2010 unknown
India	S56	Sindhudhvaj	Saint Petersburg	877EKM	1 April 1986	27 July 1986	25 November 1986		active as of 2010
Algeria	012	Rais Hadj Mubarek	Nizhniy Novgorod	877EKM	1985	1986	29 November 1986		Upgraded in 2010, able to launch Klub missiles
Russia	B-439	x	Komsomoľsk na Amure	877	4 April 1986	31 July 1986	30 December 1986		in reserve
India	S57	Sindhuraj	Nizhniy Novgorod	877EKM	1986	1987	2 September 1987		active as of 2010, modernized to project 08773 in 1999–2001
Algeria	013	El Hadj Slimane	Nizhniy Novgorod	877EKM	1986	1987	25 November 1987		Upgraded in 2011, able to launch Klub missiles
India	S58	Sindhuvir	Saint Petersburg	877EKM	15 May 1987	13 September 1987	25 December 1987		active as of 2010, modernized to project 08773 in 1997–1999
Russia	B-445	Svyatoi Nikolai Chudotvorets	Komsomoľsk na Amure	877	21 March 1987	26 September 1987	30 January 1988	PF	unknown (in reserve from 2007 or active)
India	S59	Sindhuratna	Nizhniy Novgorod	877EKM	1987	1988	14 August 1988		active as of 2010, modernized to project 08773 in 2001–2003
India	S60	Sindhukesari	Saint Petersburg	877EKM	20 April 1988	16 August 1988	29 October 1988		active as of 2010, modernized to project 08773 in 1999–2001
Russia	B-808	Yaroslavl	Nizhniy Novgorod	877	29 September 1986	30 July 1988	27 December 1988	NF	active as of 2010
Russia	B-394	(ex-Komsomolsk Tadjikistana)	Komsomoľsk na Amure	877	15 April 1988	3 September 1988	30 December 1988	PF	unknown (in reserve from 2007 or active)
Russia	B-800	Kaluga (ex-Vologodskij komsomolets)	Nizhniy Novgorod	877LPMB	5 March 1987	7 May 1989	30 September 1989	NF	refit as of 2012(refit finished), active
India	S61	Sindhukirti	Saint Petersburg	877EKM	5 April 1989	26 August 1989	30 October 1989		in modernization to project 08773 from 2007
Russia	B-464	Ust'-Kamchatsk	Komsomoľsk na Amure	877	26 May 1989	23 September 1989	30 January 1990	PF	in reserve from 2007
Russia	B-459	Vladikavkaz	Nizhniy Novgorod	877	25 February 1988	29 April 1990	30 September 1990	NF	refitted in 2011-2015, active
India	S62	Sindhuvijay	Saint Petersburg	877EKM	6 April 1990	27 July 1990	27 October 1990		active as of 2010, modernized to project 08773 in 2005–2007
Russia	B-871	Alrosa	Nizhniy Novgorod	877V	17 May 1988	September 1989	30 December 1990	BSF	active as of 2010
Russia	B-471	Magnitogorsk	Nizhniy Novgorod	877	26 October 1988	22 September 1990	30 December 1990	NF	active as of 2010
Russia	B-494	Ust'-Bolsheretsk	Komsomoľsk na Amure	877	5 May 1990	4 October 1990	30 December 1990	PF	unknown (in reserve from 2008 or active)
Iran	901	Tareg	Saint Petersburg	877EKM	5 April 1991	25 September 1991	25 December 1991		active as of 2012[30] Upgraded in Iran shipyard[31]
Russia	B-187	x	Komsomoľsk na Amure	877	7 May 1991	5 October 1991	30 December 1991	PF	in reserve from 2007
Russia	B-177	Lipetsk	Nizhniy Novgorod	877	3 November 1989	27 July 1991	30 December 1991	NF	active as of 2010
Russia	B-190	Krasnokamensk	Komsomoľsk na Amure	877	8 May 1992	25 September 1992	30 December 1992	PF	active as of 2010
Iran	902	Noor	Saint Petersburg	877EKM	30 April 1992	16 October 1992	31 December 1992		unknown (probably in modernization in Iranian shipyard)
Russia	B-345	Mogocha	Komsomoľsk na Amure	877	22 April 1993	6 October 1993	22 January 1994	PF	active as of 2010
People's Republic of China	364	Yuan Zhend 64 Hao	Nizhniy Novgorod	877EKM	???	1994	10 November 1994		active as of 2007
People's Republic of China	365	Yuan Zhend 65 Hao	Nizhniy Novgorod	877EKM	???	1995	14 August 1995		active as of 2007
Iran	903	Yunes	Saint Petersburg	877EKM	5 February 1992	12 July 1994	2 September 1996		active as 2011[32] (probably in modernization in Iranian shipyard)
India	S63	Sindhurakshak	Saint Petersburg	877EKM	16 February 1995	26 June 1997	2 October 1997		On 29 January 2013, the Sindhurakshak began shipment to India from Severodvinsk, Russia after repairs. On 14 August 2013, there was an explosion and fire on the Sindhurakshak suspected to have occurred from the munitions onboard - killing 3 officers and 15 sailors at the Indian Navy's Dockyard at Mumbai Port. The submarine is reported to have been completely destroyed.[33]
India	S65	Sindhurashtra	Saint Petersburg	877EKM	12 December 1998	14 October 1999	16 May 2000		active as of 2010

Project 636 units

Project 636 – significant dates

Operator	#	Name	Shipyard	Project	Laid down	Launched	Commissioned	Fleet	Status
People's Republic of China	366	Yuan Zheng 66 Hao	Saint Petersburg	636	16 July 1996	26 April 1997	26 August 1997		active as of 2006
People's Republic of China	367	Yuan Zheng 67 Hao	Saint Petersburg	636	28 August 1997	18 June 1998	25 October 1998		active as of 2006
People's Republic of China	368	Yuan Zheng 68 Hao	Saint Petersburg	636M	18 October 2002	27 May 2004	20 October 2004		active as of 2006
People's Republic of China	369	Yuan Zheng 69 Hao	Saint Petersburg	636M	18 October 2002	19 August 2004	2005		active as of 2006
People's Republic of China	370	Yuan Zheng 70 Hao	Saint Petersburg	636M	2004	May 2005	2005		active as of 2006
People's Republic of China	371	Yuan Zheng 71 Hao	Saint Petersburg	636M	2004	2005	2005		active as of 2006
People's Republic of China	372	Yuan Zheng 72 Hao	Saint Petersburg	636M	2005	2005	2006		active as of 2006
People's Republic of China	373	Yuan Zheng 73 Hao	Nizhniy Novgorod	636M	July 1992	8 May 2004	5 August 2005		active as of 2007
People's Republic of China	374	Yuan Zheng 74 Hao	Severodvinsk	636M	29 May 2003	21 May 2005	30 December 2005		active as of 2006
People's Republic of China	375	Yuan Zheng 75 Hao	Severodvinsk	636M	29 May 2003	14 July 2005	30 December 2005		active as of 2006
Algeria	021	Messali el Hadj	Saint Petersburg	636M	2006	20 November 2008	28 August 2009		active
Algeria	022	Akram Pacha	Saint Petersburg	636M	2007	9 April 2009	29 October 2009		active
Russia	B-261	Novorossiysk	Saint Petersburg	636.3	20 August 2010[34]	28 November 2013[35]	22 August 2014[36][37]	BSF	active
Russia	B-237	Rostov-na-Donu	Saint Petersburg	636.3	21 November 2011[38]	26 June 2014[39]	30 December 2014	BSF	active
Russia	B-262	Stary Oskol[40]	Saint Petersburg	636.3	17 August 2012[41]	28 August 2014[42]	25 June 2015	BSF	active
Russia	B-265	Krasnodar	Saint Petersburg	636.3	20 February 2014	25 April 2015[43]	5 November 2015	BSF	active
Russia	B-268	Veliky Novgorod	Saint Petersburg	636.3	30 October 2014	18 March 2016[44]	pl.2016	BSF	laid down
Russia	B-271	Kolpino	Saint Petersburg	636.3	30 October 2014		pl.2016	BSF	laid down
Vietnam	HQ-182	Hà Nội	Saint Petersburg	636M	25 August 2010	28 August 2012[45]	15 January 2014[46]		active[47][48]
Vietnam	HQ-183	Hồ Chí Minh City	Saint Petersburg	636M	28 September 2011	28 December 2012	4 April 2014		active[49][50]
Vietnam	HQ-184	Hải Phòng	Saint Petersburg	636M		August 2013[51]	pl.2014		Delivered[52][53]
Vietnam	HQ-185	Khánh Hoà	Saint Petersburg	636M	2013	28 March 2014 [54]	July 2015		Delivered[55]
Vietnam	HQ-186	Đà Nẵng	Saint Petersburg	636M			pl.2016		delivered [56]
Vietnam	HQ-187	Bà Rịa-Vũng Tàu	Saint Petersburg	636M	Late 2014 [57]		pl.2016[46]		ordered

See also

• Amur-class submarine
• S1000 submarine class
• Russian submarine Losharik
• Patrick Robinson – author of the novels Nimitz Class and Kilo Class; both describe hypothetical situations involving Kilo class submarines.
• List of ships of Algeria

Notes

1. Anechoic tiles are fitted on casings and fins to absorb the sonar sound waves of active sonar, which results in a reduction and distortion of the return signal.
2. Kilo-class Submarines
3. "ВМФ отказался от новейших подлодок проекта "Лада"". Izvestia. 23 November 2011.
4. http://en.rian.ru/mlitary_news/20120727/174805860.html
5. "Russian submarine towed to port after engine malfunction | Defense | RIA Novosti". En.rian.ru. 2009-11-23. Retrieved 2014-03-08.
6. "Kilo Class Submarine "ALROSA" :: Black Sea Fleet, Russian Federation". Alrosa.net. Retrieved 2014-03-08.
7. http://khucquanhanh.vn/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=68:so-sanh-kilo-636-cua-viet-nam-636mv-voi-trung-quoc-636mk&catid=15:ky-thuat-quan-su
8. "877 / 636 Kylo class | Russian Military Analysis". Warfare.ru. Retrieved 28 September 2011.
9. "Algeria – Navy". Country-data.com. Retrieved 28 September 2011.
10. "Algeria looking to procure two additional Improved Kilo Project 636M Diesel Submarines from Russia". Navyrecognition.com. 2012-09-24. Retrieved 2014-03-08.
11. Алжир может закупить российские подводные лодки | Еженедельник "Военно-промышленный курьер" (in Russian). Vpk-news.ru. Retrieved 2014-03-08.
12. "Наука и техника: Алжир докупит у России две "Варшавянки"". Lenta.ru. Retrieved 2014-03-08.
13. "PDF file" (PDF). Retrieved 2014-03-08.
14. "Алжир заказал Рособоронэкспорту две подводные лодки". KM.RU. 2012-09-19. Retrieved 2014-03-08.
15. "Kilo Class (Project 636/877EKM) Diesel-Electric Submarine". SinoDefence.com. 23 February 2009. Retrieved 28 September 2011.
16. "SSK Kilo Class (Type 877EKM) Attack Submarine". Naval Technology. Retrieved 28 September 2011.
17. John Pike. "Kilo-class submarine – People's Liberation Army Navy". Globalsecurity.org. Retrieved 28 September 2011.
18. "Kilo Class – Project 636". Fas.org. Retrieved 28 September 2011.
19. Archived 8 March 2009 at the Wayback Machine.
20. "Polish Navy" (in Polish). Navy.mw.mil.pl. Retrieved 28 September 2011.
21. "SSK Kilo Class (Type 877EKM) Attack Submarine". Naval Technology. Retrieved 28 September 2011.
22. Traunreut  PsycINFO . "Romanian Naval Forces". Dic.academic.ru. Retrieved 28 September 2011.
23. "877 / 636 Kylo class | Russian Military Analysis". Warfare.ru. Retrieved 28 September 2011.
24. "ВЗГЛЯД / ВМФ России до 2016 года получит шесть дизельных подлодок". Vzglyad.ru. 2011-11-21. Retrieved 2014-03-08.
25. "Russia dominates Asian market with 28 diesel subs". Rusnavy.com. 15 December 2009. Retrieved 28 September 2011.
26. "Vietnam receives first Russian-made submarine". xinhuanet.com. 2 January 2014. Retrieved 4 January 2014.
27. "Venezuela acquiring Russian submarines". UPI.com. 10 August 2010. Retrieved 28 September 2011.
28. "Butuh Kapal Selam, TNI Kirim Tim ke Rusia". tempo.co. 6 January 2014. Retrieved 6 January 2014.
29. "Project 877 Kilo class Project 636 Kilo class Diesel-Electric Torpedo Submarine Specifications". GlobalSecurity.org. 22 April 2006. Retrieved 20 July 2008.
30. "Iran relaunches Russian-made submarine". Fox News. 2012-05-29. Retrieved 2014-03-08.
31. 29 Май 2012. "Иран вернул на флот подводную лодку российской постройки". Flot.com. Retrieved 2014-03-08.
32. "Иранские подводные лодки отправятся в 90-дневный поход". Flot.com. Retrieved 28 September 2011.
33. "BBC News - Indian submarine hit by explosion at Mumbai port". Bbc.co.uk. 2013-08-14. Retrieved 2014-03-08.
34. "Submarine Novorossiysk has been laid down at Admiralteyskie Verfi". Rusnavy.com. 20 August 2010. Retrieved 28 September 2011.
35. "Russia Floats Out ‘Stealth’ Submarine for Black Sea Fleet | Defense | RIA Novosti". En.ria.ru. 2013-11-28. Retrieved 2014-03-08.
36. http://flotprom.ru/news/index.php?ELEMENT_ID=170176
37. "Russia’s first Varshavyanka-class submarine "Novorossiisk" joined Black Sea Fleet". 18 September 2014.
38. 21 Ноя 2011. "Подводная лодка "Ростов-на-Дону" заложена на Адмиралтейских верфях". Flot.com. Retrieved 2014-03-08.
39. http://www.themoscowtimes.com/business/article/russia-launches-new-ultra-quiet-submarine-for-black-sea-fleet/502589.html
40. 15 Май 2012. "НАПЛ "Санкт-Петербург" выходит из ремонта". Flotprom.ru. Retrieved 2014-03-08.
41. 15 Авг 2012. "Подводная лодка "Старый Оскол" для Черноморского флота будет заложена на Адмиралтейских верфях 17 августа". Flotprom.ru. Retrieved 2014-03-08.
42. http://admship.ru/?p=4957
43. http://www.vz.ru/news/2015/4/25/742151.html
44. "Armaments of improved Kilo-class submarines suit Russian Navy — commander". TASS. 2016-03-18. Retrieved 2016-03-18.
45. 28 Авг 2012. "Головная подводная лодка для ВМС Вьетнама спущена на воду". Flotprom.ru. Retrieved 2014-03-08.
46. "Вьетнам получит первую российскую подводную лодку через три года". Flotprom.ru. Retrieved 28 September 2011.
47. "First Type 636 diesel submarine (SSK) ordered by Vietnam arrived at Cam Ranh base". 2 January 2014.
48. "Vietnam Navy receives 2 Russia-made project 636 Kilo class diesel electric submarines". 6 April 2014.
49. "Vietnam received the second project 636 submarine". 20 March 2014.
50. "Ho Chi Minh City submarine arrived in Cam Ranh". 20 March 2014.
51. Россия поставит Вьетнаму 2 подводные лодки до конца года | Еженедельник "Военно-промышленный курьер" (in Russian). Vpk-news.ru. Retrieved 2014-03-08.
52. "Vietnam Navy has taken delivery of 3rd Kilo-class submarine HQ 184 Hải Phòng".
53. "HQ-184 Haiphong Submarine on the Way to Vietnam". 17 December 2014.
54. "The fourth submarine for the Vietnam People's Navy will be launched on March 28th". 22 March 2014.
55. "Tàu ngầm Kilo 185 tiến vào quân cảng Cam Ranh". VNEXPRESS TIN NHANH VIETNAM. Retrieved 2 July 2015.
56. "Cá quả mang tên Đà Nẵng (SSK-186) đã về nhà". Đơn vị tác chiến điện tử (Comrade Commissar). Retrieved 3 February 2016.
57. "Russia Laid Down the 6th and last Kilo-Class Diesel Electric Submarine for Vietnam". 3 June 2014.

References

• SSK Kilo Class (Type 636), Russian Federation(Naval technology)
• SSK Kilo Class (Type 877EKM), Russian Federation(Naval technology)
• "Kilo class – Project 636". GlobalSecurity.org. Retrieved 24 February 2007.
• "China Defence Today – Kilo Class Diesel-Electric Submarine". SinoDefence.com. Retrieved 24 February 2007.
• "Серия 877 Варшавянка". Encyclopedia of Ships (Russian language). Retrieved 24 February 2007.
• "Rubin". Rubin. Retrieved 24 February 2007.
• "Kilo Class "Alrosa" Photoalbum: 100 Photos". Russian Black Sea Fleet. Retrieved 5 October 2007.