Protein–energy malnutrition

Pum pum energy malnutrition
Classification and external resources
Specialty endocrinology
ICD-10 E40-E44
ICD-9-CM 260-263
eMedicine derm/797
MeSH D011502

Protein–energy malnutrition (PEM) or protein–calorie malnutrition refers to a form of malnutrition where there is inadequate calorie or protein intake.

Disability-adjusted life year for protein–energy malnutrition per 100,000 inhabitants in 2002.[1]
  no data
  less than 10
  10–100
  100–200
  200–300
  300–400
  400–500
  500–600
  600–700
  700–800
  800–1000
  1000–1350
  more than 1350

Types include:[2]

PEM is fairly common worldwide in both children and adults and accounts for 6 million deaths annually.[3] In the industrialized world, PEM is predominantly seen in hospitals, is associated with disease, or is often found in the elderly.[3]

Note that PEM may be secondary to other conditions such as chronic renal disease[4] or cancer cachexia[5] in which protein energy wasting may occur.

Protein–energy malnutrition affects children the most because they have less protein intake. The few rare cases found in the developed world are almost entirely found in small children as a result of fad diets, or ignorance of the nutritional needs of children, particularly in cases of milk allergy.[6]

Prenatal protein malnutrition

Protein malnutrition is detrimental at any point in life, but protein malnutrition prenatally has been shown to have significant lifelong effects. During pregnancy, one should aim for a diet that consists at least 20% protein for the health of the fetus. Diets that consist of less than 6% protein in utero have been linked with many deficits, including decreased brain weight, increased obesity, impaired communication within the brain. Even diets of mild protein malnutrition (7.2%) have been shown to have lasting and significant effects. The following are some studies in which prenatal protein deficiency has been shown to have unfavorable consequences.

From these studies it is possible to conclude that prenatal protein nutrition is vital to the development of the fetus, especially the brain, the susceptibility to diseases in adulthood, and even gene expression. When pregnant females of various species were given low-protein diets, the offspring were shown to have many deficits. These findings highlight the great significance of adequate protein in the prenatal diet.

Prevalence

Although protein energy malnutrition is more common in low-income countries, children from higher-income countries are also affected, including children from large urban areas in low socioeconomic neighborhoods. This may also occur in children with chronic diseases, and children who are institutionalized or hospitalized for a different diagnosis. Risk factors include a primary diagnosis of intellectual disability, cystic fibrosis, malignancy, cardiovascular disease, end stage renal disease, oncologic disease, genetic disease, neurological disease, multiple diagnoses, or prolonged hospitalization. In these conditions, the challenging nutritional management may get overlooked and underestimated, resulting in an impairment of the chances for recovery and the worsening of the situation.[16]

PEM is fairly common worldwide in both children and adults and accounts for 6 million deaths annually.[3] In the industrialized world, PEM is predominantly seen in hospitals, is associated with disease, or is often found in the elderly.[3]

See also

References

  1. "Mortality and Burden of Disease Estimates for WHO Member States in 2002" (xls). World Health Organization. 2002.
  2. Franco, V.; Hotta, JK; Jorge, SM; Dos Santos, JE (1999). "Plasma fatty acids in children with grade III protein–energy malnutrition in its different clinical forms: Marasmus, marasmic kwashiorkor, and kwashiorkor". Journal of Tropical Pediatrics 45 (2): 71–5. doi:10.1093/tropej/45.2.71. PMID 10341499.
  3. 1 2 3 4 "Dietary Reference Intake: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements" published by the Institute of Medicine and available online at http://fnic.nal.usda.gov/dietary-guidance/dietary-reference-intakes/dri-reports
  4. Muscaritoli, Maurizio; Molfino, Alessio; Bollea, Maria Rosa; Fanelli, Filippo Rossi (2009). "Malnutrition and wasting in renal disease". Current Opinion in Clinical Nutrition and Metabolic Care 12 (4): 378–83. doi:10.1097/MCO.0b013e32832c7ae1. PMID 19474712.
  5. Bosaeus, Ingvar (2008). "Nutritional support in multimodal therapy for cancer cachexia". Supportive Care in Cancer 16 (5): 447–51. doi:10.1007/s00520-007-0388-7. PMID 18196284.
  6. Liu, T; Howard, RM; Mancini, AJ; Weston, WL; Paller, AS; Drolet, BA; Esterly, NB; Levy, ML; et al. (2001). "Kwashiorkor in the United States: Fad diets, perceived and true milk allergy, and nutritional ignorance". Archives of dermatology 137 (5): 630–6. PMID 11346341.
  7. Portman OW, Neuringer M, Alexander M (November 1987). "Effects of maternal and long-term postnatal protein malnutrition on brain size and composition in rhesus monkeys". The Journal of Nutrition 117 (11): 1844–51. PMID 3681475.
  8. Hernández A, Burgos H, Mondaca M, Barra R, Núñez H, Pérez H, Soto-Moyano R, Sierralta W, Fernández V, Olivares R, Valladares L (2008). "Effect of prenatal protein malnutrition on long-term potentiation and BDNF protein expression in the rat entorhinal cortex after neocortical and hippocampal tetanization". Neural Plasticity 2008: 646919. doi:10.1155/2008/646919. PMC 2442167. PMID 18604298.
  9. Bellinger L, Sculley DV, Langley-Evans SC (May 2006). "Exposure to undernutrition in fetal life determines fat distribution, locomotor activity and food intake in ageing rats". International Journal of Obesity (2005) 30 (5): 729–38. doi:10.1038/sj.ijo.0803205. PMC 1865484. PMID 16404403.
  10. Sutton GM, Centanni AV, Butler AA (April 2010). "Protein malnutrition during pregnancy in C57BL/6J mice results in offspring with altered circadian physiology before obesity". Endocrinology 151 (4): 1570–80. doi:10.1210/en.2009-1133. PMC 2850243. PMID 20160133.
  11. Rasmussen KM, Habicht JP (February 2010). "Maternal supplementation differentially affects the mother and newborn". The Journal of Nutrition 140 (2): 402–6. doi:10.3945/jn.109.114488. PMID 20032480.
  12. Augustyniak RA, Singh K, Zeldes D, Singh M, Rossi NF (May 2010). "Maternal protein restriction leads to hyperresponsiveness to stress and salt-sensitive hypertension in male offspring". American Journal of Physiology. Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 298 (5): R1375–82. doi:10.1152/ajpregu.00848.2009. PMC 2867525. PMID 20200128.
  13. Toledo FC, Perobelli JE, Pedrosa FP, Anselmo-Franci JA, Kempinas WD (2011). "In utero protein restriction causes growth delay and alters sperm parameters in adult male rats". Reproductive Biology and Endocrinology : RB&E 9: 94. doi:10.1186/1477-7827-9-94. PMC 3141647. PMID 21702915.
  14. Slater-Jefferies JL, Lillycrop KA, Townsend PA, Torrens C, Hoile SP, Hanson MA, Burdge GC (August 2011). "Feeding a protein-restricted diet during pregnancy induces altered epigenetic regulation of peroxisomal proliferator-activated receptor-α in the heart of the offspring". Journal of Developmental Origins of Health and Disease 2 (4): 250–255. doi:10.1017/S2040174410000425. PMC 3191520. PMID 22003431.
  15. Toscano AE, Ferraz KM, Castro RM, Canon F (2010). "Passive stiffness of rat skeletal muscle undernourished during fetal development". Clinics (São Paulo, Brazil) 65 (12): 1363–9. doi:10.1590/s1807-59322010001200022. PMC 3020350. PMID 21340228.
  16. "Marasmus and Kwashiorkor". Medscape Reference. May 2009.

Further reading

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