Pseudo algebraically closed field

In mathematics, a field $K$ is pseudo algebraically closed if it satisfies certain properties which hold for any algebraically closed field. The concept was introduced by James Ax in 1967.^[1]

Formulation

A field K is pseudo algebraically closed (usually abbreviated by PAC^[2]) if one of the following equivalent conditions holds:

• Each absolutely irreducible variety $V$ defined over $K$ has a $K$-rational point.
• For each absolutely irreducible polynomial $f\in K[T_1,T_2,\cdots ,T_r,X]$ with $\frac{\partial f}{\partial X}\not =0$ and for each nonzero $g\in K[T_1,T_2,\cdots ,T_r]$ there exists $(\textbf{a},b)\in K^{r+1}$ such that $f(\textbf{a},b)=0$ and $g(\textbf{a})\not =0$.
• Each absolutely irreducible polynomial $f\in K[T,X]$ has infinitely many $K$-rational points.
• If $R$ is a finitely generated integral domain over $K$ with quotient field which is regular over $K$, then there exist a homomorphism $h:R\to K$ such that $h(a)=a$ for each $a\in K$

Examples

• Algebraically closed fields and separably closed fields are always PAC.
• Pseudo-finite fields and hyper-finite fields are PAC.
• A non-principal ultraproduct of distinct finite fields is (pseudo-finite and hence^[3]) PAC.^[2] Ax deduces this from the Riemann hypothesis for curves over finite fields.^[1]
• Infinite algebraic extensions of finite fields are PAC.^[4]
• The PAC Nullstellensatz. The absolute Galois group $G$ of a field $K$ is profinite, hence compact, and hence equipped with a normalized Haar measure. Let $K$ be a countable Hilbertian field and let $e$ be a positive integer. Then for almost all $e$-tuple $(\sigma_1,...,\sigma_e)\in G^e$, the fixed field of the subgroup generated by the automorphisms is PAC. Here the phrase "almost all" means "all but a set of measure zero".^[5] (This result is a consequence of Hilbert's irreducibility theorem.)
• Let K be the maximal totally real Galois extension of the rational numbers and i the square root of -1. Then K(i) is PAC.

Properties

• The Brauer group of a PAC field is trivial,^[6] as any Severi–Brauer variety has a rational point.^[7]
• The absolute Galois group of a PAC field is a projective profinite group; equivalently, it has cohomological dimension at most 1.^[7]
• A PAC field of characteristic zero is C1.^[8]

References

1. Fried & Jarden (2008) p.218
2. Fried & Jarden (2008) p.192
3. Fried & Jarden (2008) p.449
4. Fried & Jarden (2008) p.196
5. Fried & Jarden (2008) p.380
6. Fried & Jarden (2008) p.209
7. Fried & Jarden (2008) p.210
8. Fried & Jarden (2008) p.462

• Fried, Michael D.; Jarden, Moshe (2008). Field arithmetic. Ergebnisse der Mathematik und ihrer Grenzgebiete. 3. Folge 11 (3rd revised ed.). Springer-Verlag. ISBN 978-3-540-77269-9. Zbl 1145.12001.