Puerto Rican tody

Puerto Rican tody
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Subphylum: Vertebrata
Class: Aves
Order: Coraciiformes
Family: Todidae
Genus: Todus
Species: T. mexicanus
Binomial name
Todus mexicanus
Lesson, 1838

The Puerto Rican tody (Todus mexicanus) is a bird native to the island of Puerto Rico. Despite its scientific name, the Puerto Rican tody is endemic to the island and is locally known as "San Pedrito" ("Little Saint Peter").[2]

The Puerto Rican tody makes up one of the five endemic Todus species of the Greater Antilles. Hispaniola has two endemic species, while Cuba, Jamaica and Puerto Rico each have one.[3][4] The Puerto Rican tody differs from the other Greater Antilles todies in that it is the only species without pink or yellow-green colored feathers on their flanks.[5]

Taxonomy

The Puerto Rican tody is the closest relative to the motmots of Central America. It is thought that the Jamaican tody (Todus todus) gave rise to the Puerto Rican tody after hurricane dispersals, but the relationship between both species has not yet been confirmed. Studies show the Todus group probably developed before the Pleistocene. Mitochondrial gene studies point to the motmots as their closest relative, although egg white protein electrophoresis studies suggest a relationship to kingfishers.[3]

Description

The Puerto Rican tody is a small, brightly colored, non-passerine forest bird.[6][7] It is one of the smallest representative of the order Coraciiformes, with an average body length of 11 cm and weight of 5 to 6 g.[6][7] The upperparts of the Puerto Rican tody are an emerald green color, it has light-yellow flanks and underside tail coverts; and a white belly and chest.[7] The "San Pedrito", also known as "Medio Peso" by the local people, has a red throat and lower bill; which in itself is long and broad. It can be as long or longer than the head and as half as long as the wing. Their legs and feet are a brownish color and the tarsus is similar in length to the bill. Both males and females have a short tail, ranging from two-thirds to three-fourths as long as its wings.[4] Males and females are not sexually dichromatic, their only difference is their eye color; males have gray eyes whereas females' eyes are white.[7] The young have similar colored feathers as the adults, but lack the red colored markings, have a grayish colored belly and have shorter bills.[4][5]

Habitat

The Puerto Rican tody can be found throughout the main island of Puerto Rico. It is found predominantly in forested areas, especially in high-altitude damp forests where insect concentrations are higher, as well as in dense thickets, such as the Guánica Forest located in the southern region of the island.[5][6]

Territory

Todies have small territories. In lowland forrests the tody's territory size is approximately of 0.7 hectares (1.8 acres), but in higher elevations, where insect prey is less abundant, the territory size can increase up to two hectares per pair.[7] Breeding territories are centered around the nest burrow and are smaller that their home ranges which are defended by the pair year-round.[5]

Agonistic Displays

When the Puerto Rican tody encounters an intruder it fluffs up and raises its crest at the individual. If disturbed, a bobbing up and down motion accompanied by vocalizations is portrayed; even though both males and females are capable of this display males tend to bob more. This bobbing display has also been seen after feeding and during nest building. Chasing intruders, wing flicking and wing rattles are also some of the other exhibited displays. The majority of this territorial defense displays are reserved for other todies, as they tend to be very tolerant of other species.[5]

Diet

The Puerto Rican tody is primarily insectivorous (85.9% of its diet). Todies eats katydids, grasshoppers, crickets, earwigs, dragonflies, flies, beetles, spiders (8.2%), and occasionally small lizards (3.5%) and frogs.[5][7] Todies are considered voracious eaters.

Todies forage and feed using different methods. Among those methods are air-feeding and leaf feeding, being this last one the most common method of foraging.[5][7] When they leaf feed they sit quietly in high perches and scan the surface below with fast, jerky motions of its head, often tilting its bill upwards.[5][7] When the tody sees the insect on a leaf it will capture it while in a short-curved flight.[5]

When todies air-feed, they have their bill pointed upward, they fly from the perch snatching the insect and return to a different perch. Todies feed from different surfaces but the most common one is leaves and the least common is the ground. The act of perching between foraging flights lasts for an average of 9.0 seconds and succeed an average of 1.0 captures per minute in rain forests and 1.7 captures per minute in dense thicket habitats.[5]

The nestling's diet is different. Adults primarily feed their nestlings with the insects Homoptera (30%), Coleoptera (25%) and Lepidoptera (16%); but they have been found to supplement the hatchling's diet with fruits from Clusia krugiana (18.4%).[8] Apart from insects and seeds, the adults also feed their nestlings frogs and lizards, although between those two, frogs are more common.[5]

Reproduction

The species has single broods and is monogamous. Its courtship reaches its peak between February and May and occurs in the breeding area, not far from the nesting site. The ritual consists of chasing each other while rattling the wings. Both male and females achieve a "flank" display before copulating, where they fluff out their flanks causing a spherical ball appearance. The female lifts her tail and enters into a submissive posture to facilitate copulation. During courtship their vocalization becomes agitated and accelerated.[5]

Nesting and incubation

The Puerto Rican tody has an unusual nesting technique. During and eight week period, the male and female todies excavate a 25 to 35 cm long, narrow burrow with a right angle in an earth bank. They create their nest at the end of this burrow. This process usually occurs between the months of February and June, before the start of the wet season.[7] Females start laying their eggs 3 to 4 weeks after the nest has been completed.[5] The female lays 1 to 4 bright white eggs, with an average of 2.3 eggs, on consecutive nights.[5][7] The weight of each egg is equivalent to about one quarter of the females body weight.[7] The responsibility of incubating the eggs is shared by both the male and the female for an average of 21 days, and later on other adult todies (usually previous offsprings) may assist in the development process of the chicks after the chicks have fledged.[5][7] If nestlings are killed, as well as during incubation and brooding, the mate will bring prey items to the nest.[5]

The clutch size and breeding productivity of this species seems to be greater in shaded coffee plantations compared to species in secondary forests in the north-central area of the island.[2] Todies use half the burrows they excavate. Of all the burrows excavated in their territory, 62.5% and 33% of the nests in dense thickets and rainforest habitats are used respectively. Even though every year new burrows are excavated, 89% of them are 10 meters away from the old ones.[5]

Behavior

Puerto Rican Todies are rarely seen on the ground; they usually prefer perching, unless when nesting. When todies are on the ground they hop. An unusual fact is that to enter their burrow they have a favorite perching spot on which they land before heading to their nest.[5] The Puerto Rican tody, unlike other Coraciiformes, roosts alone in trees both during the day and at nighttime.[6]

Physiology

The Puerto Rican tody has been researched extensively because of its unusual body temperature, body temperature control and temperature control abilities. Puerto Rican Todies exhibit lower body temperatures than other todies and have also exhibited heterothermy over a range of temperatures.[6] Most coraciiformes have a body temperature of 40 °C, but Puerto Rican todies can maintain a body temperature of 36.7 °C. This allows them to spend 33% less energy than other coraciiformes.[9] Puerto Rican Todies can lower their body temperatures by 14 °C.

This physiological response varies by both season and sex; only females in breeding season are capable of becoming torpid,[6][10] although not all individuals become torpid at the same body temperature.[11] During this torpid stage, they are unresponsive, have their eyes closed and erected plumage; but are capable of taking flight soon after an increase in temperature.[6]

Status and conservation

The Puerto Rican tody is a common endemic species to the island of Puerto Rico. It is currently classified as Least Concern by the IUCN.[1] During the past, the Puerto Rican tody suffered from human predation as it was captured as food.[7] Currently it suffers from nest predation by introduced Indian mongooses.[5][7] Other threats include habitat destruction and the transition of shaded coffee plantations into sun coffee plantations.[5]

See also

Wikispecies has information related to: Todus mexicanus

References

  1. 1 2 BirdLife International (2012). "Todus mexicanus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2013.2. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved 26 November 2013.
  2. 1 2 Gleffe, Jessica D.; Collazo, Jaime A.; Groom, Martha J.; Miranda-Castro, Leopoldo (2006). "Avian Reproduction and the Conservation Value of Shaded Coffee Plantations". Ornitología Neotropical 17: 271–282.
  3. 1 2 Overton, Lowell C.; Rhoads, Douglas D. (2004). "Molecular phylogenetic relationships based on mitochondrial and nuclear gene sequences for the Todies (Todus, Todidae) of the Caribbean". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 32 (2): 524–538.
  4. 1 2 3 Ridgway, Robert; Friedmann, Herbert (1901). The birds of North and Middle America : a descriptive catalogue of the higher groups, genera, species, and subspecies of birds known to occur in North America, from the Arctic lands to the Isthmus of Panama, the West Indies and other islands of the Caribbean sea, and the Galapagos Archipelago. Washington : Govt. Print. Off. pp. 442–449.
  5. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 Fremgen, Aleshia (2013). "Puerto Rican Tody (Todus mexicanus)". Neotropical Birds Online (T. S. Schulenberg, Editor). Ithaca: Cornell Lab of Ornithology.
  6. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Merola-Zwartjes, Michele; Ligon, J. David (2000). "Ecological Energetics Of The Puerto Rican Tody: Heterothermy, Torpor, And Intra-Island Variation". Ecology 81 (4): 990–1003. doi:10.1890/0012-9658(2000)081[0990:EEOTPR]2.0.CO;2. JSTOR 177173.
  7. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 Oberle, Mark W. (2010). Puerto Rico's Birds in Photographs (Third ed.). Seattle, Washington: Editorial Humanitas. p. 83. ISBN 978-0-9650104-5-0. LCCN 2010935541.
  8. ↑ Merola, Michele. "Fruit in the diet of nestlings of the Puerto Rican Tody, a tropical insectivore". Wilson Bulletin 107 (1): 181–182.
  9. ↑ Wooden, K. Mark and Walsberg, Glenn E. (2002). "Effect of environmental temperature on body temperature and metabolic heat production in a heterothermic rodent, Spermophilus tereticaudus". The Journal of Experimental Biology 205 (Pt 14): 2099–105. PMID 12089213.
  10. ↑ McKechnie, Andrew E. (2008). "Phenotypic flexibility in basal metabolic rate and the changing view of avian physiological diversity: a review". Journal of Comparative Physiology B 178 (3): 235–247. doi:10.1007/s00360-007-0218-8.
  11. ↑ Schleucher, Elke (2004). "Torpor in Birds: Taxonomy, Energetics, and Ecology". Physiological and Biochemical Zoology 77 (6): 942–949. doi:10.1086/423744.

Further reading

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