Pumpkin bomb
| Pumpkin bomb | |
|---|---|
|
A pumpkin bomb | |
| Type | Conventional high-explosive bomb |
| Place of origin | United States |
| Service history | |
| In service | 1945 |
| Used by | United States Army Air Forces |
| Wars | World War II |
| Production history | |
| Number built | 486 |
| Specifications | |
| Weight | 5.26 long tons (5.89 short tons; 5.34 t) |
| Length | 10 feet 8 inches (3.25 m) |
| Diameter | 60 inches (152 cm) |
|
| |
| Filling | Composition B |
| Filling weight | 6,300 pounds (2,900 kg) |
Pumpkin bombs were conventional aerial bombs developed by the Manhattan Project and used by the United States Army Air Forces against Japan during World War II. The pumpkin bomb was a close replication of the Fat Man plutonium bomb with the same ballistic and handling characteristics, but used non-nuclear conventional high-explosive. It was mainly used for testing and training purposes, which included combat missions flown with pumpkin bombs by the 509th Composite Group. The name "pumpkin bomb" resulted from the large, fat ellipsoidal shape of the munition instead of the more usual cylindrical shape of other bombs and was the actual reference term used in official documents.
Development
Pumpkin bombs were a means of providing realistic training for the 509th Composite Group's Boeing B-29 Superfortress crews assigned to drop the atomic bomb. The pumpkin bomb was a close, but non-nuclear replication of the Fat Man plutonium bomb with the same ballistic and handling characteristics.[1] Specifications for the bomb required that it be carried in the forward bomb bay of a Silverplate B-29 bomber and be fuzed to be effective against actual targets.[2]
Pumpkin bombs were produced in both inert and high explosive variants. The inert versions were filled with a cement-plaster-sand mixture that was combined with water to 1.67 to 1.68 grams per cubic centimetre (0.060 to 0.061 lb/cu in), the density of the Composition B high explosive versions. The filler of both variants had the same weight and weight distribution as the inner sphere of the plutonium bomb. The concept for the high explosive pumpkin bomb was originated in December 1944 by U.S. Navy Captain William S. Parsons, the head of the Ordnance Division at Manhattan Project's Los Alamos Laboratory, and United States Army Air Forces Lieutenant Colonel Paul W. Tibbets, commander of the 509th Composite Group. Prior testing was carried out with an inert version.[1]
The name "pumpkin bomb" was given to the training bombs by Parsons and Dr. Charles C. Lauritsen of the California Institute of Technology, who managed the development team.[2] The name was used in official meetings and documents,[3] and probably referred to its large ellipsoidal shape. Although anecdotal sources attribute the naming of the bombs to painting them a pumpkin color, the bombs were actually painted olive drab or khaki. Photographs indicate that the units delivered to Tinian were painted in the same zinc chromate primer color (i.e., yellow) worn by Fat Man.[4][5]
While many Manhattan scientists expected that the development of the means of delivery of the atomic bomb would be straightforward, Parsons, with his experience of the proximity fuze program, expected that it would involve considerable effort.[6] The test program was initiated on 13 August 1943 at the Naval Proving Ground in Dahlgren, Virginia, where a scale model of the Fat Man plutonium bomb was developed. On 3 March 1944, testing moved to Muroc Army Air Field, California. The initial tests demonstrated that the Fat Man assembly was unstable in flight, and that its fuzes did not work properly.[6]
Production
The shells of the pumpkin bomb were manufactured by two Los Angeles firms, Consolidated Steel Corporation and Western Pipe and Steel Company, while the tail assembly was produced by Centerline Company of Detroit. After initial development, management of the program was turned over to the U.S. Navy Bureau of Ordnance in May 1945.[2] A total of 486 live and inert training bombs were eventually delivered, at a cost of between $1,000 and $2,000 apiece.[1]
All of the inert versions went from the manufacturers directly to Wendover Army Air Field, Utah, by rail, where they were used by the 216th Base Unit in flight testing of the bomb. Some test drop missions were flown by the 509th Composite Group's 393d Bombardment Squadron as training exercises.[1] The bombs intended as live ordnance were shipped to the Naval Ammunition Depot, McAlester, Oklahoma, for filling with explosives. The Composition B was poured as a slurry, solidified in a drying facility for 36 hours, sealed, and shipped by railroad to the Port Chicago Naval Magazine, California, for shipment by sea to Tinian.[1][3]
Description
The pumpkin bombs were externally similar to the Fat Man bomb in size and shape, and both had the same 52-inch (130 cm) California Parachute square tail assembly and single-point attachment lug. The pumpkin bomb had three contact fuzes arranged in an equilateral triangle around the nose of the bomb while the atomic bomb had four fuse housings. The atomic bomb had its shell sections bolted together, but most if not all of the pumpkin bombs were welded with a 4 inches (100 mm) hole used for filling the shell. The Fat Man also had four external mounting points for radar antennae which the pumpkin bombs did not have.[1][4]
The pumpkin bombs were 10 feet 8 inches (3.25 m) in length and 60 inches (1,500 mm) in maximum diameter. They weighed 5.26 long tons (5,340 kg), consisting of 3,800 pounds (1,700 kg) for the shell, 425 pounds (193 kg) for the tail assembly, and 6,300 pounds (2,900 kg) of Composition B filler. The shells were made of .375-inch (9.5 mm) steel plate and the tail assemblies from .200-inch (5.1 mm) aluminum plate.[1]
Combat missions
Combat missions were flown by the 509th Composite Group on 20, 23, 26 and 29 July and 8 and 14 August 1945, using the bombs against individual targets in Japanese cities. A total of 49 bombs were dropped on 14 targets, one bomb was jettisoned into the ocean, and two were aboard aircraft that aborted their missions.[7]
Mission parameters and protocols were similar to those of the actual atomic bomb missions, and all targets were located in the vicinity of the cities designated for atomic attack. The bombs were released at an altitude of 30,000 feet (9,100 m) and the aircraft then went into the sharp turn required on a nuclear mission. After the war, the Strategic Bombing Survey concluded that the pumpkin bombs were "a reasonably effective weapon against Japanese plants when direct hits were scored on vital areas, or when the near miss was sufficiently close to important buildings to cause severe structural damage."[8]
Notes
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Campbell 2005, pp. 74–75.
- 1 2 3 Campbell 2005, pp. 72–73.
- 1 2 "National Archives, minutes of third target committee meeting, May 28. 1945" (PDF). George Washington University. Retrieved 25 May 2013.
- 1 2 Coster-Mullen 2012, pp. 184–185.
- ↑ Campbell 2005, p. 220.
- 1 2 Hoddeson et al. 1993, pp. 378–381.
- ↑ Campbell 2005, pp. 27, 104.
- ↑ Campbell 2005, p. 73.
References
- Campbell, Richard H. (2005). The Silverplate Bombers: A History and Registry of the Enola Gay and Other B-29s Configured to Carry Atomic Bombs. Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland & Company. ISBN 0-7864-2139-8. OCLC 58554961.
- Coster-Mullen, John (2012). Atom Bombs: The Top Secret Inside Story of Little Boy and Fat Man. (self published). OCLC 298514167.
- Hoddeson, Lillian; Henriksen, Paul W.; Meade, Roger A.; Westfall, Catherine L. (1993). Critical Assembly: A Technical History of Los Alamos During the Oppenheimer Years, 1943–1945. New York, New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-44132-3. OCLC 26764320.
