Puputan

Badung Puputan 1906
The Raja of Buleleng killing himself with 400 followers, in an 1849 puputan against the Dutch. Le Petit Journal, 1849.
Monument to the 1906 Puputan, located in Taman Puputan, Denpasar, Bali.
Independence fighter I Gusti Ngurah Rai organized a last puputan against the Dutch Army at the Battle of Marga in 1946, in which 98 soldiers died with him.

Puputan is a Balinese term that refers to a mass ritual suicide[1][2] in preference to facing the humiliation of surrender. Notable puputans occurred in 1906 and 1908 when the Balinese were being subjugated by the Dutch.

1906 Badung puputan

On September 14, 1906, a substantial force of the Royal Dutch East Indies Army, named the Sixth Military Expedition, landed at the northern part of Sanur beach. It was under the command of Major General M.B. Rost van Tonningen[3][4] Badung soldiers made some attacks on the bivouacs of the Dutch at Sanur on September 15, and there was some resistance again at Intaran village.[lower-alpha 1]

Kesiman

Overall, the force managed to move inland without much resistance, and arrived in the city of Kesiman on 20 September 1906. There, the local king, a vassal of the king of Badung, had already been killed by his own priest, as he had refused to lead an armed resistance against the Dutch, the palace was in flames and the city was deserted.[4]

Denpasar

The force marched to Denpasar, Bali, as if in a dress parade.[4] They approached the royal palace, noting smoke rising from the puri and hearing a wild beating of drums coming from within the palace walls.

Upon their reaching the palace, a silent procession emerged, led by the Raja on a palanquin carried by four bearers. The Raja was dressed in traditional white cremation garments, wore magnificent jewelry, and carried a ceremonial kris. The other people in the procession consisted of the Raja's officials, guards, priests, wives, children and retainers, all of whom were similarly attired.[4] They had received the rites of death, were dressed in white, and had had their ritual kris blessed.[5]

When the procession was a hundred paces from the Dutch force, they halted and the Raja stepped down from the palanquin and signalled a priest, who plunged his dagger into the Raja's breast. The rest of the procession began killing themselves and others.[4] Women mockingly threw jewelry and gold coins at the troops.[4]

A 'stray gunshot' and an 'attack by lance and spear' prompted the Dutch to open fire with rifles and artillery. As more people emerged from the palace, the mounds of corpses rose higher and higher.[4] The whole procession numbered hundreds,[5] and is said to have been over 1,000 people in all. It was mown down by Dutch gunfire.[6]

Alternative accounts describe that the Dutch first opened fire on the Balinese mass moving outside of the palace gate, only equipped with traditional krises, spears and shields, and that survivors killed themselves, or had themselves killed by their followers according to the dictates of the puputan.[6]

The soldiers stripped the corpses of the valuables and sacked the ruins of the burned palace. The palace of Denpasar was razed to the ground.[6]

The same afternoon, similar events occurred in the nearby palace of Pemecutan, where the co-ruler Gusti Gede Ngurah resided. The Dutch let the nobility at Pemecutan kill themselves, and proceeded with the looting.

The massacre is remembered locally as the "Badung Puputan" and is glorified as an example of resistance to foreign aggression. A huge bronze monument was erected on the central square of Denpasar, where the royal palace used to stand, glorifying Balinese resistance in the Puputan.

Tabanan

The Dutch force continued to the kingdom of Tabanan, where the king Gusti Ngurah Agung and his son fled, then surrendered to the Dutch, and attempted to negotiate a settlement to become a regency of the Dutch.

The Dutch only offered them exile to nearby Madura or Lombok, and they preferred to kill themselves (puputan) in prison two days later.[5][7] Their palace was plundered and razed by the Dutch.[7]

1908 Klungkung puputan

Another puputan occurred on the 18th of April, 1908, at Klungkung Palace.

The intervention was triggered by a Balinese revolt against a Dutch attempt to impose an opium monopoly in their favour.[8] The Raja of Karangasem opposed the monopoly, leading to Balinese riots in the capital of Klungkung.[9] Riots also erupted in Gelgel, when the Balinese killed a Javanese opium dealer.[9] The Dutch sent troops to quell the riots. In Gelgel, they killed 100 Balinese, forcing the Raja to flee to Klungkung.[9] The Dutch then bombarded the city of Klungkung.

In a final confrontation on 18 April 1908, Dewa Agung Jambe, the Raja of Klungung, accompanied by 200 followers, made a desperate sortie out of his Palace, clad in white and armed with a legendary kris supposed to wreak havoc on the enemy according to a prophecy.[8] The kris failed to fulfill the desired outcome, and the Raja was instead shot by a Dutch bullet.[9] Immediately, the six wives of the king resorted to puputan, killing themselves with their own kris, soon followed by the other Balinese in the procession.[9]

See also

Footnotes

  1. ↑ Notice at the Bali Museum
  1. ↑ Pringle 2004, p. 106.
  2. ↑ https://www.researchgate.net/file.PostFileLoader.html?id=569755f360614b18e28b4567&assetKey=AS%3A317706304196608%401452758496209
  3. ↑ ter Keurs 2007, p. 146.
  4. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Hanna 2004, p. 140–141.
  5. 1 2 3 Barski, Beaucourt & Carpenter 2007, p. 49.
  6. 1 2 3 Haer, Morillot & Toh 2007.
  7. 1 2 Hanna 2004, p. 143–144.
  8. 1 2 Reader & Ridout 2002, p. 496.
  9. 1 2 3 4 5 Rutherford 2002, p. 40.

References

External links

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