Vermilion flycatcher

Vermilion flycatcher
in the Pantanal, Brazil
Conservation status
Least Concern  (IUCN 3.1)[1]
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Aves
Order:	Passeriformes
Family:	Tyrannidae
Genus:	Pyrocephalus Gould, 1839
Species:	P. rubinus
Binomial name
Pyrocephalus rubinus (Boddaert, 1783)

The vermilion flycatcher (Pyrocephalus rubinus) is a small passerine bird in the Tyrannidae, or tyrant flycatcher family. Most flycatchers are rather drab, but the vermilion flycatcher is a striking exception. It is a favorite with birders, but is not generally kept in aviculture, as the males tend to lose their vermilion coloration when in captivity.

Taxonomy

When Pieter Boddaert first described the vermilion flycatcher in 1783, from a specimen collected in Tefé, Brazil, he assigned it to the genus Muscicapa, believing it to be related to the many Old World flycatchers already belonging to that genus.^[2] By the 1830s, however, taxonomists realized that Old World and New World flycatchers were not closely related, and the New World birds were moved from their former genera. In 1839, John Gould created the current genus Pyrocephalus for the vermilion flycatcher.^[3] While it is considered a monotypic genus by many authorities, some taxonomists believe that one or both of the vermilion flycatcher subspecies found on the Galápagos Islands merit species status.^[2]

There are 12 widely recognized subspecies, which differ primarily in the color and saturation of the male's plumage and the color and amount of streaking of the female's. The boundaries between some of the subspecies are not well defined:^[2]

• P. r. ardens, described by John Todd Zimmer in 1941, is found in northern Peru, in extreme eastern Piura, Cajamarca and Amazonas.^[2]
• P. r. blatteus, described by Outram Bangs in 1911, is found in southeastern Mexico, Belize and northern Guatemala.^[2]
• P. r. cocachacrae, described by John Todd Zimmer in 1941, is found from southwestern Peru south to extreme northern Chile.^[2]
• P. r. dubius, described as a distinct species by John Gould in 1839 and sometimes referred to as the San Cristóbal vermilion flycatcher,^[4] is found on San Cristóbal Island in the Galápagos archipelago.^[2]
• P. r. flammeus
• P. r. mexicanus, described by Philip Sclater is 1859, is found from southern Texas in the United States south to central and southern Mexico.^[2]
• P. r. nanus, described by John Gould in 1839, is found in the Galápagos Islands, except for San Cristóbal.^[2]
• P. r. obscurus, described by John Gould in 1839, is found in the Lima region of western Peru.^[2]
• P. r. pinicola, described by T. R. Howell in 1965, is found in eastern Honduras and northeastern Nicaragua.^[2]
• P. r. piurae, described by John Todd Zimmer in 1941, is found from western Colombia south to northwestern Peru.^[2]
• P. r. rubinus
• P. r. saturatus, described by Hans von Berlepsch and Ernst Hartert in 1902, is found in northeastern Colombia, western and northern Venezuela, Guyana and northern Brazil.^[2]

The validity of a thirteenth subspecies, P. r. major, has been questioned, as its breeding grounds have never been found.^[2]

Description

The vermilion flycatcher is a small bird, measuring 13–14 cm (5.1–5.5 in) in length, with a mass between 11 and 14 g (0.39 and 0.49 oz).^[2] It strongly dimorphic; males are bright red, with dark brown plumage. Females have a peach-colored belly with a dark gray upperside, and are similar to Say's phoebe.

Gallery

• 

  Male P. r. mexicanus, photographed in Harlingen, Texas

• 

  Female P. r. mexicanus, San Augustin Etla, Oaxaca, Mexico

• 

  Juvenile male P. r. obscurus, Lima, Peru

Distribution and habitat

Vermilion flycatchers generally prefer somewhat open areas, and are found in trees or shrubs in savannah, scrub, agricultural areas, riparian woodlands, and desert as well, but usually near water. Their range includes almost all of Mexico; it extends north into the southwestern United States, and south to scattered portions of Central America, parts of northwestern and central South America, and on southwards to central Argentina. They are also found in the Galápagos Islands. It has ranged as far north as Canada.^[5]

Behavior

Feeding

The flycatchers feed mostly on insects such as flies, grasshoppers and beetles. These are usually taken in mid-air, after a short sally flight from a perch.^[6] It is an opportunistic feeder, and has been observed eating small fish.^[7]

Breeding

Female on nest

The vermilion flycatcher's nest is a shallow cup made of small twigs and soft materials, lined with hair; the nest's rim is often covered with lichen. Typically located within 6 ft (1.8 m) of the ground, the nest is placed in the horizontal fork of a tree branch.^[8] They lay two or three whitish eggs in a nest made of twigs, stems and roots, and lined with hair. The eggs are incubated for around two weeks by the female and the young are ready to leave the nest 15 days after hatching.

Conservation and threats

Because of its enormous range and sizable population—estimated as ranging between 5,000,000 and 50,000,000 individuals—the vermilion flycatcher is listed as a species of least concern by the International Union for the Conservation of Nature, despite the fact that its overall numbers are declining.^[1] Some of its subspecies, however, are known to be in trouble. P. r. dubius, which was once reportedly common on San Cristóbal, has not been recorded from that island since the mid-1980s, and is thought to be extinct.^[4] The other Galápagos subspecies, P. r. nanus, is also declining precipitously, principally as a result of the spread of the nonnative smooth-billed ani across the archipelago.^[9] The ani is known to be predatory, sometimes killing (though apparently not eating) nestling flycatchers.^[10]

The flycatcher is also an occasional victim of brood parasitism by brown-headed cowbirds.^[11]

References

1. BirdLife International (2012). "Pyrocephalus rubinus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2013.2. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved 26 November 2013.
2. Farnsworth and Lebbin (2004), p. 375.
3. "ITIS Report: Pyrocephalus". Integrated Taxonomic Information System. Retrieved 26 November 2014.
4. Hume, Julian P.; Walters, Michael (2012). Extinct Birds. London, UK: A & C Black. p. 227. ISBN 978-1-4081-5861-6.
5. Swift, Thomas C. (October 1950). "First Occurrence of Vermilion Flycatcher, Pyrocephatus rubinus, in Canada" (PDF). The Auk 67 (4): 517–518. doi:10.2307/4081112.
6. de A. Gabriel, Vagner; Pizo, Marco A. (2005). "Foraging behavior of tyrant flycatchers (Aves, Tyrannidae) in Brazil" (PDF). Revista Brasileira de Zoologia 22 (4): 1072–1077. doi:10.1590/S0101-81752005000400036.
7. Andrews, Brenda J.; Sullivan, Marie; Hoerath, J. David (June 1996). "Vermilion Flycatcher and Black Phoebe Feeding on Fish" (PDF). The Wilson Bulletin 108 (2): 377–378.
8. Davie, Oiver (1898). Nests and Eggs of North American Birds. Columbus, OH, US: Landon Press. p. 314. LCCN 06-23231.
9. Walsh, Stephen; Mena, Carlos F., eds. (2013). Science and Conservation in the Galapagos Islands: Frameworks & Perspectives. New York, NY, US: Springer Science and Business Media. pp. 12–13. ISBN 978-1-4614-5794-7.
10. Olivares, Antonio; Munves, J. A. (October 1973). "Predatory Behavior of Smooth-Billed Ani" (PDF). The Auk 90 (4): 891. doi:10.2307/4084373.
11. Hanna, Wilson C. (July 1936). "Vermilion Flycatcher a Victim of the Dwarf Cowbird in California" (PDF). The Condor 38 (4): 174. doi:10.2307/1363600.

Sources

• Farnsworth, A.; Lebbin, D. J. (2004). "Vermilion Flycatcher". In del Hoyo, Josep; Elliott, Andrew; Christie, David. Handbook of Birds of the World, volume 9: Cotingas to Pipits. Barcelona, Spain: Lynx Edicions. ISBN 84-87334-69-5.

External links

• Vermilion flycatcher videos, photos, and sounds at the Internet Bird Collection
• Species account - Cornell Lab of Ornithology
• Vermilion flycatcher - Pyrocephalus rubinus - USGS Patuxent Bird Identification InfoCenter
• Stamps at bird-stamps.org
• Vermilion flycatcher photo gallery at VIREO (Drexel University)
• Interactive range map of Pyrocephalus rubinus at IUCN Red List maps