Qazi Mian Muhammad Amjad
Qazi Mian Muhammad Amjad (Urdu: قاضی میاں محمد امجد), was an eminent legal scholar of Qur'an, Hadith, and the Hanafi school of Islamic law. He was an acknowledged authority on Muslim jurisprudence. He was also a Sufi of the Chishti Order, and one of the few Sufis[1] in the South Asia who did not establish the 'Khanqah',[2]"Darbar"[3] or Astana 'Aliya[4] and forbade his descendants not to establish Dargah after his death and made a will to bury him in the ordinary grave. He was against all the practices resulting in undue homage to the tombs and graves of Sufis and saints. He believed that Islam was corrupted by Sufism, pantheism, theology (Kalam), philosophy and by all sorts of superstitious beliefs. Belonging to a qadi's family which had, since the 16th century, been prominent among the landed aristocracy of the Soon Valley, he adopted 'Faqr' (spiritual poverty)[5] and 'Darwayshi' (asceticism).[6]
The disciple path
He was born of famous qadi's family of Naushera, Soon Valley. He belonged to Awan (Pakistan)[7] tribe of ancient repute. His full name was Qazi Mian Muhammad Amjad al hashmi,al alwi, al hanafi. He was a descendant of Ali Ibn Abi Talib, the fourth caliph of Islam from Al-Abbas ibn Ali. In his ancestry we find great names, great scholars and Sufis. On the maternal side, he was a grandson of Qazi Kalim Allah,[8] the famous Muslim qadi and jurist of Naushera in the time of Mughal Emperors. He got his early religious education from his learned father Hazrat Qazi Ghulam Muhammad. He learned, Qur'an, Hadith, Fiqh from him and mastered the Arabic and Persian grammar. He also received excellent education under his grandfather, who was a great scholar of Hanafi school of law. After completing his early education, he went to Sial Sharif and took the Bait (pledge of discipleship) at the hands of Hazrat Shams-ud-Din Sialvi of Sial Sharif. Through the training received from Khwaja Shams-ud-din Sialvi, he learnt the fundamentals of Sufism. He was much impressed by the spiritual attainments of Khwaja Shams-ud-din Sialvi who introduced him to mystic way of life and granted to him the spiritual insights. Under his training he had undergone or experienced mystic trances. He now came to see through illumination (Ishraq) what he had previously learnt theoretically from books. Having reached both formal and spiritual perfection, he returned to the practical world.
The jurist path
With the advent of British and downfall of Mughal Empire, the Muslims were deprived of their political authority and their law was replaced by English law. Their language and laws were displaced through the system of English language and law. The Indian Rebellion of 1857 marked the end of Mughal rule. The Muslims in the words of W. W. Hunter, "found their prestige gone, their laws replaced, their language shelved and their education shorn of its monetary value"[9] According to Tanveer Khalid "The British Government, though gradually, abrogated the Islamic Law. The whole of Muslim Criminal law was superseded by the Indian Penal Code and the Code of Criminal Procedure. The Indian Evidence Act and the Indian Contract Act replaced the Islamic law. The Indian Majority Act, 1875, abrogated Muslim Law except in matters relating to marriage, dower and divorce. The Caste Disabilities Act, 1850, 'abolished the civil disabilities which Muslim Law attached to apostasy."[10]
In this period of turmoil the Muslims of Soon Valley needed the guidance of Islam for their private and public life. They also needed to obtain fatwa to guide them in everyday life. Belonging to the remote area of Soon Valley, surrounded by high hills and without road connected to District Shahpur, and with low literacy rate, the people of this area began to face numerous changes as a result of the greater socialisation with the advent of British. This has given rise to new issues and problems related to the shariah law and their private and public life. In these circumstances Qazi mian Muhammad being as a son of Qazi family came forward for the preservation of Islamic law in the Soon Valley. It was at this critical juncture that he appeared as 'Mujtahid'.[11]
He was a great legal scholar of the Hanafi school of Islamic law.[12] He preferred this school because, among the four[13] established Sunni schools of legal thought in Islam, the Hanafi school is the oldest. It has a reputation for putting greater emphasis on the role of reason and being slightly more liberal than the other three schools. He knew Arabic, Persian, and Urdu languages. His legal scholarship was unparalleled in the area. During the period of British rule, when cases were decided according to English law, Muslims consulted him for his legal opinions on Islamic laws. His verdicts and fatwas were sought and quoted about religious questions on which he was held to be an authority. He rendered a great service to Islamic laws and Fiqah. He was also a Muhaddith (one who specialises in Hadith literature). He issued many fatwa on important issues at the request of the Muslims of his time. Muslims scholars from all the British India asked him for his legal opinion on the important issues concerning Islamic law. The excellence of Qazi Mian Muhammad Amjad as a great jurist had been widely accepted in his time.
He helped the common Muslim not to lose heart in the years of his servitude, poverty and deprivation. He also established a mosque in Naushera; the call for prayers went forth from the minarets five times a day, allegiance was proclaimed to God and Muhammad punctually and persistently. His contribution to the preservation of Islam in the Soon valley in the period of turmoil cannot be forgotten by his people.
The Sufi path
As a Sufi, he was an authority on "Wahdt al Wujud",[14] Sufism, and Muslim mysticism. The study of great Sufi, Ibn Arabi, and his masterpiece The Meccan Illuminations (Al-Futūḥāt al-Makkiyya) in 37 volumes[15] was his specialisation. In his Anwar Shamsia, Maulvi Ameer Baksh says that he was an ardent reader of Ibn Arabi book The Meccan Illuminations (Al-Futūḥāt al-Makkiyya), and was an authority on his teaching. It was stated in "Hu al-Hameed" by Sahibzada Muhammad Masood Ahmad that once Hazrat Pir Meher Ali Shah was unable to understand one point of Al-Futūḥāt al-Makkiyya, then qazi Mian Muhammad Amjad satisfied him by his interpretation. He acknowledged Ibn Arabi superiority in philosophy and spiritual insight, but he never followed him if he found him deviating from Sunnah. He used his knowledge of Islamic mysticism, Sufism and "Wahdt al Wujud" only for purely academic purposes and never allowed his devotees, followers and descendants to treat him as a Pir. Although, he was capable of creating a 'Khanqah', 'Darbar' a centre of Sufi mysticism, and though Hazrat Shams-ud-Din Sialvi of Sial Sharif authorised him to do so,he did not created any 'Gadi' or 'Drabar', and also forbade his descendants to do this, as he was also a strong critic of Darbars and "family Gadi Nasheen". He also forbade his descendants not to establish Dargah after his death and made a will to bury him in the ordinary grave. After his death his elder son Qazi Mazhar Qayyum made every effort to stop the people from making Dargah of the grave of his father.[16]
He was a Sufi and Alim at the same time. In the words of Sarah F. D. Ansari, "Rigid distinctions have been drawn between ulama (plural of Alim) and sufis. They have been portrayed as antithetical, irreconcilable representatives of the same truth and consequently very different from the point of view of their relationships with governments of the day. As guardians of the Sharia, ulama were officially appointed as muftis and qazis to interpret and administer God's Law. They often came to rely on the state for their livelihood in the form of stipends and grants; they tended to become involved in worldly interests, which could lead them both to be distracted from essentially spiritual matters and to identify with the concerns of rulers rather than those of ordinary Muslims. Sufis, on the other hand, sought to gain knowledge of God in their hearts. By following the path, which meant observing various techniques of spiritual development, they aimed to obliterate self in unison with God. Because they placed greater emphasis on spiritual growth rather than on the letter of God's law, they were often able to reach out to people of other faiths, indeed to draw them towards Islam. For these reasons, and because they depended on the offerings of the pious rather than the gifts of kings, they often tended to stand aloof from state power and its representatives."[17] But he never accepted the offerings of the pious and stipends and grants by the government as his ancestral land was more than his needs.
He did not change his monkish cap to lordly tassel, unlike other pirs of Punjab who became big feudal lords. Sir Muhammad Iqbal criticised the pirs of Punjab in his poem (پنچاب کے پيرزادوں سے) "TO THE PUNJAB PIRS". In this poem he imagined that he visited the tomb of reformer Shaykh Ahmad Sirhindi and asked him for the saints' gift and blessings. The spirit of saint replied that God's people i.e., Pirs and Sufis have no portion in this land of five rivers i.e., Punjab, where lordly tassel or turban sprouts from monkish cap. Pirs and "Sajjada nashins, claimed to be the descendants of the Sufi, 'saints', intermediaries between the Faithful and their God, and this cut against the grain of Islamic orthodoxy. As beneficiaries, in cash and in kind, of their special religious status, these sajjada nashins had become men of local standing in their own right."[18] In the Punjab, the sajjada nashin or pir families were not so rich in terms of land as the great land lords of Punjab but these sajjada nashin or pir families exerted great political and religious influence over the people. The British could not administer the area without their help and no political party could win the election without their help.[19] Sir Muhammad Iqbal denounced these pirs in one of his poems as merely pale reflections of the great medieval Sufi saints, "Crows" occupying the "Eagle nests" of Punjab's greatest religious men.[20][21] While criticising this role of pirs of Punjab,he says:[22]
| Original Urdu | English translation | |
|---|---|---|
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وہ خاک کہ ہے زير فلک مطلع انوار اس خاک کے ذروں سے ہيں شرمندہ ستارے اس خاک ميں پوشيدہ ہے وہ صاحب اسرار گردن نہ جھکي جس کي جہانگير کے آگے جس کے نفس گرم سے ہے گرمي احرار وہ ہند ميں سرمايہء ملت کا نگہباں اللہ نے بر وقت کيا جس کو خبردار کي عرض يہ ميں نے کہ عطا فقر ہو مجھ کو آنکھيں مري بينا ہيں ، و ليکن نہيں بيدار! آئي يہ صدا سلسلہء فقر ہوا بند ہيں اہل نظر کشور پنجاب سے بيزار عارف کا ٹھکانا نہيں وہ خطہ کہ جس ميں پيدا کلہ فقر سے ہو طرئہ دستار باقي کلہ فقر سے تھا ولولہء حق طروں نے چڑھايا نشہء 'خدمت سرکار'! |
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He had correspondence with various famous Sufis of his time including Hazrat Shams-ud-Din Sialvi of Sial Sharif, Hazrat Khawaja Muhammad-ud-Din, Hazrat Khawaja Zia-ud-Din, Pir Meher Ali Shah, Pir Jalalpur Sharif. He inherited a library of rare Arabic manuscripts from his ancestors, to which he added every rare book or manuscript that he could find. He left many books still in the form of manuscripts, religious decisions, letters, and notes.
The Meccan Illuminations
As pointed out earlier, in his Anwar Shamsia, edition 1916,[23] Maulvi Ameer Baksh says that when Hazrat Khawaja Shams-ud-din Sialvi died in 1883, his disciple Qazi Mian Muhammad Amjad was so mourned and depressed that now with whom he would learned and discussed Sufism and Ibn Arabi philosophy. According to Maulvi Ameer Baksh, Qazi Mian Muhammad Amjad was an ardent reader of Ibn Arabi book The Meccan Illuminations (Al-Futūḥāt al-Makkiyya), and was an authority on his teaching. The study of great Sufi, Ibn Arabi, and his masterpiece The Meccan Illuminations (Al-Futūḥāt al-Makkiyya) in 37 volumes[24] was his specialisation. He died in 1920, leaving his younger comrade Pir Meher Ali Shah as the only authority on this subject in India.
Both were disciples of Hazrat Khawaja Shams-ud-din Sialvi. Through the training received from Khwaja Shams-ud-din Sialvi, they learnt the fundamentals of Sufism. The great Sufi introduced them to mystic way of life and granted to them the spiritual insights. They now came to see through illumination (Ishraq) what they had previously learnt theoretically from books. However, having reached both formal and spiritual perfection, he returned to the world of books and Muslim jurisprudence. But his younger comrade, Pir Meher Ali Shah went ahead and had undergone or experienced mystic trances at highest level. He used to spend all summer and winter nights sitting on a slab of stone in the shape of a prayer mat, devoted to prayer and meditation. With this practice, once his legs became unable to move.[25]
In 1933, Pir Meher Ali Shah was absorbed in his mediation and mystic trances. In the same year the great philosopher, Sir Muhammad Iqbal had to give lecture on Cambridge University on Ibn Arabi concept of Space and Time. He wrote a letter to Pir Meher Ali Shah stating that now there was no body in whole Hindustan, to whom he could consulted in this matter, requesting him to tell about Ibn Arabi concept of Space and Time. In this letter Sir Muhammad Iqbal also stated with respect that he knew that the learned Pir was disturbed due to his mediation, but as his motive was service of Islam, therefore he dared to ask him a question. Pir Meher Ali shah, however due to his mediation, bad health, and old age could not replied.[26] He died in 1937. Next year, Sir Muhammad Iqbal also died.
Sufi of the Chishti Order
Qazi Mian Muhammad Amjad was a disciple and Khalifa of Hazrat Shams-ud-din Sialvi in the Silsila-e-Chishtia Nizamiyah. The following is the order of Silsila-e-Chishtia;
- Muhammad
- Ali ibn Abu Talib
- Hasan Basri
- Abdul Wahid bin Zaid
- Fuzeel bin Ayaz
- Ibrahim bin Adham
- Sadeduddin Huzaifa
- Aminuddin Hubaira
- Mumshad Dinvari
- Abu Ishaq Shami Chishti
- Abu Ahmad Abdal Chishti
- Abu Muhammad Chishti
- Nasiruddin Chishti
- Qutbuddin Maudud Chishti
- Haji Sharif Zindani
- Usman Haruni
- Moinuddin Chishti
- Qutbuddin Bakhtiar Kaki
- Fariduddin Ganjshakar
- Nizamuddin Auliya
- Nasiruddin Chiragh Dehlavi
- Kamaluddin
- Sirajuddin
- I’lmuddin
- Mahmud Rajan
- Jamaluddin Juman
- Jamaluddin Hasan Nuri
- Shamsuddin Muhammad
- Kaleemullah Jahanabadi
- Nizamuddin Awrangabadi
- Fakhruddin
- Nur Muhammad Maharvi
- Muhammad Suleman Taunsvi
- Shamsuddin Sialvi
- Qazi Mian Muhammad Amjad
Aligarh Movement
He was a great admirer of Syed Ahmed Khan, and Aligarh Movement. Despite the strong opposition of conservative Muslim Ulema, he supported this movement in his area. He requested to the British Deputy Commissioner of District Shahpur, now District Sargodha, to establish a High School in Naushera. Unlike the Ulema of his time he was very broadminded, and send his third son to the school. For its success, the Aligarh Movement depended wholly on public donations. Sir Syed Ahmed Khan made notable personal contributions and went whole India, and overboard in his fund collection drive. He organised lotteries, staged drama and felt no hesitation to visit any place, including red light areas, to collect money.[27] Qazi Mian Muhammad Amjad himself gave donation and persuaded all local influential landlords to contribute in this regard.
60 conservative Ulema and Alims had signed fatwas accusing Sir Syed of disbelief and apostasy. There was total consensus among the Ulema and Alims, only divine approval was missing. Maulvi Ali Bakhsh did the needful and travelled to Mecca and Medina on the pretext of pilgrimage and secured a fatwa calling for beheading of Sir Syed if he repented not and persisted with his plan to establish the college.[28] But Qazi Mian Muhammad Amjad urged his people to support Aligarh movement.
He was also a "Hakeem" (herbal medicine practitioner) of first rank, and he did not take any remuneration from his people. and afterward, his elder son Qazi Mahar Qayyum (Raees azam Naushera) made a great name in this field.
He died on 20 Jan 1920. He was buried in Naushera, Soon Valley, where his grave became an object of veneration.
Descendants
Qazi Mazhar Qayyum
He was the eldest son of Qazi Mian Muhammad Amjad, and was the famous "Hakeem" (herbal medicine practitioner), of Soon Valley. he was the authority on this subject in his time. He died in 1952. He was buried in Naushera, Soon Valley
Qazi Manzoor ul Haq
He was the second son of Qazi Mian Muhammad Amjad. He was known as Imam Abu Hanifa of Naushera. He was a great scholar of Islamic law. In the age of British government when cases were decided according to English law, Muslims consulted him for his legal opinions on Islamic laws. He issued many "fatwas" like his father and made a great name in the field Hanafi school of law.
His brilliant son Dr. Mazafar ul Haq was the first of those Pakistanis who had M.B.B.S. degree.
He led a very simple life, and according to the notable and pious people of his time, like his father, his life was an example of the lives of early Companions sahaba of Prophet Muhammad.
He died in 1954. He was buried in Naushera, Soon Valley
Qazi Zafar Hussain
Khan Sahib Qazi Zafar Hussain, was the third son of Qazi Mian Muhammad Amjad. In 1945, he was awarded by the title of "Khan sahib" by the British Government in recognition of his services. He used his family and political influence to help the people of his area. He died in 1968. He was buried in Naushera, Soon Valley.
Genealogical table
Genealogical table from Hazrat Ali Ibn Abi Talib to Qazi Mian Muhammad Amjad
- Hazrat Ali Ibn Abi Talib
- Hazrat Al-Abbas ibn Ali
- Hazrat Ubaid Ullah bin Abbas
- Hazrat Hassan bin Ubaid Ullah
- Hazrat Hamza bin Hassan
- Hazrat Jafar bin Hamza
- Hazrat Ali bin Jaffar
- Hazrat Qasim bin Ali
- Hazrat Al-Tiar bin Ali
- Hazrat Hamza bin Al-Tiar
- Hazrat Yeila bin Hamza
- Hazrat Abdul-Allah Qutb Shah Awn ibn Ya‘lā[29]
- Hazrat Abdullah
- Hazrat Saned ul Ulema
- Hazrat Muhammad Bahadur
- Hazrat Muhammad Badset
- Hazrat Muhammad Ghazi
- Hazrat Rahmat Khan
- Hazrat Daood
- Hazrat Ahmed Khan
- Hazrat Oajal khan
- Hazrat Muhammad Gohar
- Hazrat Muhammad Fateh Jang
- Hazrat Muhammad Ikhlaas
- Hazrat Muhammad Gohar
- Hazrat Muhammad Akbar
- Hazrat Muhammad Sarwar
- Hazrat Muhammad Bilal Ali
- Hazrat Muhammad Himayat Ali
- Hazrat Muhammad Hashim Derya
- Hazrat Muhammad Saeed
- Hazrat Khair Muhammad
- Hazrat Muhammad Khushal
- Hazrat Muhammad Arif
- Hazrat Mian Muhammad
- Hazrat Qazi Kalim Allah
- Hazrat Qazi Ghulam Muhammad
- Hazrat Qazi Mian Muhammad Amjad
Sources
- This family genealogical table has been copied from a very ancient manuscript found in the library of Qazi Mian Muhammad Amjad. Jamal ad-Din Hasan ibn Yusuf ibn 'Ali ibn Muthahhar al-Hilli also mentioned the names of first twelve generations of this Genealogical table in his book Kihalastah al-Nisab, a treatise on the descendants of 'Ali Ibn Abi Talib', Alawi. This treatise also includes the descendants of Ali Ibn Abi Talib who migrated to other countries after the rise of Umayyad Caliphate. The author of 'Bab-ul-Awan', a history of Awan tribe, also mentions the names of first twelve generations in his book. 'Bab-ul-Awan', a history of Awan tribe, by Muhammad Noor ud Din Sulemani. edition 1923.
- Anwar Shamsia, A biography of Pir Khawaja Shams-ud-din Sialvi, by Maulvi Ameer Baksh. Edition 1916
- Hu al-Hameed by Sahibzada Muhammad Masood Ahmad.
- Wadi Soon sakesar (The Soon Valley) by Sufi Sarwar, published by Al- Faisal Nashran, Lahore A joint venture of Lok Virsa, Islamabad and AL-Faisal Nashran, Lahore, copy right Lok Virsa, Islamabad 2002.
Notes and references
- ↑ According to David Gilmartin "Rural Punjab had been converted to Islam by the proselytising activities of Sufis, and these Sufi 'saints' were the focus of Punjab's local and fragmented structure of devotional activities.
Gilmartin, D. (1979). "Religious Leadership and the Pakistan Movement in the Punjab". Modern Asian Studies 13 (3): 485–517. doi:10.1017/S0026749X00007228. - ↑ a spiritual hospice. Khanqah is a Persian word meaning a house or abode of sufis and dervishes. Khanqah is an important institution for Muslim society. Khanqah is the spiritual centre providing a facility for islah al-nafs (self correction). Following the traditions of the ahl al-haqq (people of truth), khanqah follows the traditions of suluk, tazkiya, and tasawwuf while staying clear of all kinds of bid‘as (innovations in religion) and complies strictly with the rules and boundaries prescribed by the shari‘a. Imam al- Dhahabi in his Siyar A‘lam al-Nubala' relates that Hasan al-Basri would have a session in the mosque where he would teach hadith, fiqh, sciences of the Qur'an, language and other disciplines and if he was asked about tasawwuf, he would answer. He would also have a special session in his house where he would only teach the meanings of zuhd (asceticism) and the sciences of the batin (inner-self). There were those among the people who would accompany Hasan al-Basri for hadith, some for the Qur'an and its commentary, some for language and rhetoric and others would accompany him for sincerity and purity of intention; among them were the like of 'Abd al-Wahid ibn Zayd who were known for their piety and worship.
- ↑ A centre of sufi mysticism
- ↑ spiritual hospice and centre of learning the sciences of shari‘a as well as purification of the inner-self. Another term used for khanqah.
- ↑ M. Fethullah Gülen in his Key Concepts in the Practice of Sufism quotes the hadith of Muhammad, who said, "Poverty is my pride." According to the poet-philosopher of the East, Sir 'Allama Muhammad Iqbal, faqr does not signify only an attitude of detachment, selflessness and indifference to worldly life, which are all negative in nature. Iqbal's faqr is through and through positive. A faqir or qalandar in Iqbal is not only indifferent to vicissitudes of material life; he is a man of strong will, who has a moral stake in the social and political life of the people around him, motivated by the love for the ideal of moral and spiritual regeneration of mankind. In the attainment of this ideal, he is ready to sacrifice everything.
- ↑ The term comes from the Persian word dervish, which usually refers to a mendicant ascetic. This latter word is also used to refer to an unflappable or ascetic temperament (as in the Urdu phrase darwayshana tabiyat for an ascetic temperament); that is, for an attitude that is indifferent to material possessions and the like.
- ↑ Sir Lepel H. Griffin writes in his book The Panjab Chiefs (1865 edition) p.570-571., that "All branches of the tribe (Awans) are unanimous in stating that they originally came from neighourhood of Ghazni to India, and all trace their genealogy to Hasrat Ali the son-in-law of the Prophet. Kutab Shah, who came from Ghazni with Sultan Mahmud, was the common ancestor of the Awans…….It was only in the Rawalpindi, Jhelam and Shahpur districts that they became of any political importance……..In Shahpur District the Awans held the hilly country to the north west, Jalar, Naoshera and Sukesar, where the head of the tribe still resides."
- ↑ Munaqib-i-Sultani, a biography of Sultan Bahu, by Sultan Hamid. The writer Sultan Hamid belonged to the sixth or seventh generation of Sultan Bahu's lineage. Almost all biographers of Sulatn Bahu have derived their facts from Manaqib-i-Sultani. The writer of this book mentions the name of Qazi Kalim Allah as a great 'Alim' (scholar) of his time.
- ↑ W. W. Hunter. The Indian Mussulmans, London.
- ↑ Tanveer Khalid, ISLAMIZATION IN PAKISTAN: A POLITICAL AND CONSTITUTIONAL STUDY FROM 1947–1988
- ↑ One qualified to form an independent opinion in Muslim Law.
- ↑ The Hanafi madhhab is named after the Iraqi scholar Abu Hanifa an-Nu‘man ibn Thābit (Arabic: أبو حنيفة النعمان بن ثابت) (699-767CE /89-157AH), a Tabi‘i whose legal views were preserved primarily by his two most important disciples, Abu Yusuf and Muhammad al-Shaybani.
- ↑ the other three schools of thought being Shafi'i, Maliki, and Hanbali.
- ↑ The English word Pantheism means All is God, while the Arabic word wahdat ul-wujood emphasizes that there is just a single being in existence and this single being is God. However, wahdat ul-wujood maybe closer to panentheism, because it states that while the Universe is part of God or God's mind, God is still greater than his creation.
- ↑ The Meccan Illuminations (Al-Futūḥāt al-Makkiyya), the largest work of Ibn Arabi in 37 volumes originally and published in 4 or 8 volumes in modern times, discussing a wide range of topics from mystical philosophy to Sufi practices and records of his dreams/visions.
- ↑ However people still considered their descendants as Sajjada Nashin.
- ↑ Fazlur Rahman, Islam (Chicago, 2nd edn., 1979), pp. 128–32, 150–2; Aziz Ahmad, "The Sufi and the Sultan in Pre-Mughal Muslim India", Der Islam, 38 (1963), 142–53. Quoted in SUFI SAINTS AND STATE POWER, by SARAH F. D. ANSARI, Cambridge University Press
- ↑ Gilmartin, D. (1979). "Religious Leadership and the Pakistan Movement in the Punjab". Modern Asian Studies 13 (3): 485–517. doi:10.1017/S0026749X00007228.
- ↑ SUFI SAINTS AND STATE POWER, by SARAH F. D. ANSARI, Cambridge University Press
- ↑ Muhammad Iqbal, "Disciples in Revolt" in Poems from Iqbal, translated V.G. Juergen (London: Jhon Murray, 1955) , 60
- ↑ Empire and Islam: Punjab and the Making of Pakistan, David Gilmartin
- ↑ Poems from Iqbal by V. G. Kiernan. ISBN 0-19-579185-1
- ↑ Anwar Shamsia, a biography of Hazrat Khawaja Shams-ud-din Sialvi by Maulvi Ameer Baksh, Edition 1916
- ↑ The Meccan Illuminations (Al-Futūḥāt al-Makkiyya), the largest work of Ibn Arabi in 37 volumes discussing a wide range of topics from mystical philosophy to Sufi practices and records of his dreams/visions.
- ↑ "Mehr Muneer" a Biography of Pir Meher Ali shah by maulana Faiz Ahmed
- ↑ "Mehr Muneer" a Biography of Pir Meher Ali shah by Maulana Faiz Ahmed
- ↑ Sir Syed Ahmad Khan Historical thread.
- ↑ Hayat-i-Javed (A Biography of Sir Sayyid) by Altaf Husain Hali (1901), translated by David J. Matthews (New Delhi: Rupa and Company, 1994),
- ↑ Qutb Shah Awn ibn Ya‘lā, was a great sufi, well known by the name of Qutb Shah came to the South Asia in the fifth century A.H. (about the eleventh century according to western era) by order of Syed Abdul Qadir Jilani. Moreover, he was an uncle of Syed Abdul Qadir Jilani and one of his spiritual successors. Born in 1028 in Baghdad. Qutb Shah Qadiri was an appointed Qutb (spiritual pole) by Syed Abdul Qadir Jilani for this South Asia. Due to his great efforts many of the Hindu tribes converted to the Islam. After the incident of Karbala, the household of Muhammad had to migrate to other lands. Many of his descendants who lived in Egypt and nearby lands departed for Turkistan and Iran due to persecution at the hands of Hujjaj bin Yusuf. As time went by, they resettled in places such as Bukhara and Hamadan in Turkistan, and Baghdad in Iraq. Some migrated to Khurasan and others to Herat in the mountainous regions of present day Afghanistan. The descendants of Qutb Shah Awn ibn Ya‘lā settled in South Asia.