Radome

Radomes at the Misawa Security Operations Center, Misawa, Japan

A radome (which is a portmanteau of radar and dome) is a structural, weatherproof enclosure that protects a microwave (e.g. radar) antenna. The radome is constructed of material that minimally attenuates the electromagnetic signal transmitted or received by the antenna. In other words, the radome is transparent to radar or radio waves. Radomes protect the antenna surfaces from weather and conceal antenna electronic equipment from public view. They also protect nearby personnel from being accidentally struck by quickly rotating antennas.

Radomes can be constructed in several shapes (spherical, geodesic, planar, etc.) depending upon the particular application using various construction materials (fibreglass, PTFE-coated fabric, etc.).

When found on fixed-wing aircraft with forward-looking radar (as are commonly used for object or weather detection),^[1] the nose cones often additionally serve as radomes.

On rotary-wing and fixed-wing aircraft using microwave satellite for beyond-line-of-sight communication, radomes often appear as blisters on the fuselage.^[2] In addition to protection, radomes also streamline the antenna system, thus reducing drag.

Use

One of the first radomes: the radome (top) covering the H2S radar system rotating antenna (bottom) on a Halifax bomber

A radome is often used to prevent ice and freezing rain from accumulating directly onto the metal surface of antennas. In the case of a spinning radar dish antenna, the radome also protects the antenna from debris and rotational irregularities due to wind. Its shape is easily identified by its hardshell, which has strong properties against being damaged.

Stationary antennas

For stationary antennas, excessive amounts of ice can de-tune the antenna to the point where its impedance at the input frequency rises drastically, causing the voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR) to rise as well. This reflected power goes back to the transmitter, where it can cause overheating. A foldback circuit can act to prevent this; however, one drawback of its use is that it causes the station's output power to drop dramatically, reducing its range.

A radome prevents that by covering the antenna's exposed parts with a sturdy, weatherproof material, typically fibreglass, which keeps debris or ice away from the antenna to prevent any serious issues. One of the main driving forces behind the development of fibreglass as a structural material was the need during World War II for radomes.^[3] When considering structural load, the use of a radome greatly reduces wind load in both normal and iced conditions. Many tower sites require or prefer the use of radomes for wind loading benefits and for protection from falling ice or debris.

Sometimes radomes may be unsightly if near the ground, and heaters could be used instead. Usually running on direct current, the heaters do not interfere physically or electrically with the alternating current of the radio transmission.

Radar dishes

For radar dishes, a single, large, ball-shaped dome also protects the rotational mechanism and the sensitive electronics, and is heated in colder climates to prevent icing.

The Menwith Hill electronic surveillance base, which includes over 30 radomes, is widely believed to regularly intercept satellite communications. At Menwith Hill, the radome enclosures have a further use in preventing observers from deducing the direction of the antennas, and therefore which satellites are being targeted. The same point was also made with respect to the radomes of the ECHELON facilities.

The US Air Force Aerospace Defense Command operated and maintained dozens of air defense radar stations in the US including Alaska during the Cold War. Most of the radars used at these ground stations were protected by rigid or inflatable radomes. The radomes were typically at least 15 m (50 ft) in diameter and the radomes were attached to standardized radar tower buildings that housed the radar transmitter, receiver and antenna. Some of these radomes were very large. The CW-620 was a space frame rigid radome with a maximum diameter of 46 m (150 ft), and a height of 26 m (84 ft). This radome consisted of 590 panels, and was designed for winds up to 240 km/h (150 mph). The total radome weight was 92,700 kg (204,400 lb) with a surface area of 3,680 m² (39,600 sq ft). The CW-620 radome was designed and constructed by Sperry-Rand Corp. for the Columbus Division of North American Aviation. This radome was originally used for the FPS-35 search radar at Baker Air Force Station, OR. When the Baker AFS was closed the radome was moved to provide a high-school gymnasium in Payette, ID. Pictures and documents are available online at radomes.org/museum for Baker AFS/821st Radar Squadron.

Maritime satellites

A yacht fitted with small KNS tracking dishes for SES Broadband for Maritime, protected by radomes

For maritime satellite communications service, radomes are widely used to protect dish antennas which are continually tracking fixed satellites while the ship experiences pitch, roll and yaw movements. Large cruise ships and oil tankers may have radomes over 3 m in diameter covering antennas for broadband transmissions for television, voice, data, and the Internet, while recent developments allow similar services from smaller installations such as the 85 cm motorised dish used in the ASTRA2Connect Maritime Broadband system. Small private yachts may use radomes as small as 26 cm in diameter for voice and low-speed data.

Alternatives

An active electronically scanned array is a form of radar installation that has no moving parts as such and in ground based installations a radome is not necessary. An example of this is the "pyramid" which replaced the "tourist attraction" golfball-style radome installations at RAF Fylingdales.

Notes

1. example of dented radome
2. example of helicopter radome
3. Gordon, J.E., The New Science of Strong Materials: 2nd Edition, Pelican, 1976.

External links

• Photograph of Mount Hebo while active overlooking Pacific Ocean