Railway nationalisation in Argentina

President Juan Perón (right) signs the nationalization of the British-owned railways with Ambassador Sir Reginald Leeper, March, 1948.

In 1948, during President Juan Perón's first term of office, the seven British-owned and three French-owned railway companies then operating in Argentina, were purchased by the state. These companies, together with those that were already state-owned, where grouped, according to their track gauge and locality, into a total of six state-owned companies which later became divisions of the state-owned holding company Ferrocarriles Argentinos.

Background

During the later half of the nineteenth century British and French-owned railway companies had played an important role in the economic development of Argentina, and between 1856 and 1914, the nation's railway network grew to become the largest in Latin America. The foreign investment provided by these companies had helped to transform Argentina from a relatively underdeveloped, rural country, with many isolated communities, into one which was becoming an increasingly prosperous agricultural producer and exporter.

The foreign-owned railway companies had developed under the protection of the Argentine's strong property rights of the time.

The rail networks of the various companies generally radiated inland from the major ports of Buenos Aires and Rosario and were primarily designed to speed the export of agricultural products from the provinces to European markets. The lack of interlinking between the many radial lines meant that the integration of the country’s interior was probably slower than it would have been had domestic needs been a priority.

For the duration of the World War II it had not been possible to import railway equipment or materials which meant that there was an urgent need for track, locomotive and rolling stock renewal by the time nationalisation took place in 1948. Also the railways were beginning to face stiff competition from road transport as improvements in the national road network were made.

By the time the railways were nationalised in 1948, during President Perón's first term in office, the growth in economic nationalism in the country had reached a point where, for many Argentines in search of self-determination, the foreign-owned railways had become symbols of the control of the country's economy by foreign powers.

Details

Between 1936 and 1939 the once British-owned metre gauge Córdoba Central, Transandine and Central Chubut had already been nationalised. As from 1 March 1948 the remaining British-owned railway companies in Argentina also became the property of the government. These were the four broad gauge companies: BA Great Southern, Central Argentine, BA & Pacific and the BA Western; the standard gauge companies Entre Ríos and Argentine North Eastern; and the Buenos Aires Midland Railway the only metre gauge company.

The official transfer of ownership, on March 1, of some 24,458 km of British-owned railways (57% of the total railway network) to the Argentine government took place amidst widespread celebrations including a mass demonstration in its support on Buenos Aires' Plaza Británica, in front of the Retiro railway terminus.

British shareholders were compensated with the rescision of their US$ 500 million debt to the Central Bank of Argentina and US$100 million, cash. The cash figure proved controversial, as it had not previously been reported during the negotiations. Pressed on the issue, President Perón explained that the premium was for "sentimental reasons."^[1]

Later in 1948 the three French-owned railway companies were also nationalised: the broad gauge Rosario & Puerto Belgrano and the metre gauge Compañía General de Buenos Aires and Provincial de Santa Fe.

After the nationalisation all the Argentine network was grouped into six railway divisions named after distinguished Argentine presidents and national heroes (such as José de San Martín, Manuel Belgrano, Domingo Sarmiento, Justo José de Urquiza, Bartolomé Mitre and Julio A. Roca) according to their track gauge and locality. Apart from former British and French companies, Argentine ones also became part of "Ferrocarriles Argentinos", the state-owned company specifically created after the nationalisation to manage the entire railway network.

The list of companies taken over by each division was as follows:

Ferrocarriles Argentinos
Former company	Origin	Provinces	Railway Division
Central Northern ⁽¹⁾	Argentine	La Rioja, Catamarca, Córdoba , Tucumán, Formosa, Chaco, Santiago del Estero, Salta, Jujuy	Belgrano
Córdoba North Western	British	Córdoba
Provincial de Buenos Aires	Argentine	Buenos Aires
Provincial de Santa Fe	French	Santa Fe, Chaco, Córdoba
Midland	British	Buenos Aires
Compañía General de Buenos Aires	French	Buenos Aires, Santa Fe
Córdoba Central	British	Santa Fe, Córdoba, Santiago del Estero
Transandine	Argentine	Mendoza
Central Argentine ⁽²⁾	British	Buenos Aires, Santa Fe, Córdoba, Sgo. del Estero, Tucumán	Mitre
Buenos Aires Central	Argentine	Buenos Aires, Santa Fe	Urquiza
Entre Ríos ⁽³⁾	British	Entre Ríos
Argentine North Eastern ⁽⁴⁾	British	Entre Ríos, Corrientes, Misiones
Corrientes Economic	Argentine	Corrientes Province
Great Southern ⁽⁵⁾	British	Buenos Aires, La Pampa, Río Negro, Neuquén	Roca
Patagonian	Argentine	Río Negro, Neuquén, Chubut, Santa Cruz
Central Chubut	British	Chubut
Rosario and Pto. Belgrano	French	Santa Fe, Buenos Aires
BA & Pacific ⁽⁶⁾	British	Buenos Aires, Santa Fe, Córdoba, Mendoza, San Luis	San Martín
Andean	Argentine	Córdoba, Mendoza, San Luis, San Juan	San Martín
BA Western	British ⁽⁷⁾	Buenos Aires, La Pampa, Córdoba, San Luis, Mendoza	Sarmiento

Notes:

⁽¹⁾ The Central Northern had previously taken over North Argentine Railway in 1909.
⁽²⁾ The Central Argentine had previously acquired the BA Northern (1888), BA & Rosario (1902) and Santa Fe Western (1900) railway companies.
⁽³⁾ The Entre Ríos Railway had acquired the Central Entre Ríos Railway in 1892.
⁽⁴⁾ The Argentine North Eastern had acquired the East Argentine in 1907.
⁽⁵⁾The BAGSR had acquired Bahía Blanca & North Western and Buenos Aires & Ensenada railways before being built by the Argentine state.
⁽⁶⁾ The BAP had previously acquired the Villa María & Rufino (1900), Argentine Great Western Railway (1907), and Andean (1909) railways.
⁽⁷⁾ Originally an Argentine company, the BAWR had been purchased by British in 1890.

Railway divisions network

After the nationalisation, maps of the six railway divisions managed by state-owned Ferrocarriles Argentinos were as follows:

Belgrano
Mitre
Roca
Sarmiento
San Martín
Urquiza

Aftermath

A 1948 propaganda poster celebrating nationalisation. Caption reads "Perón Fulfils. They are now ours!".

Argentines saw railway nationalisation as a major step towards the economic independence of their country which had for so long been under the influence of foreign capital. Nationalisation of the railways, the central bank, the telephone system and the docks were part of Perón's economic recovery scheme for postwar Argentina and had formed part of the first Five-Year Plan, announced in October 1946. Later in mass rallies he would refer to railway nationalisation as a victory over foreign imperialism. At the time there was little local opposition, although later it became apparent that, far from stimulating the national economy, nationalisation of the railways together with other foreign companies, contributed to the economic crises that Argentina suffered from the 1950s onwards by adding substantially to national budget deficits (which the Central Bank was forced to finance largely by "printing money", leading to inflation). Argentine Railways, in particular, became the most deficit ridden State enterprise among the numerous ones nationalized by Perón, generating a million US dollars in losses daily by the 1960s,^[2] and two million by the 1980s.^[3]

Bibliography

British Steam on the Pampas by D.S. Purdom - Mechanical Engineering Publications Ltd, London (1977)
British-Owned Railways in Argentina – Their Effect on Economic Nationalism, 1854-1948 by Winthrop R. Wright - Latin American Monograph No. 34, Institute of Latin American Studies, Univ. of Texas Press, London (1974)

References

↑ A House Divided: Argentina, 1880-1980 by Crawley, Eduardo - London: St. Martin's Press (1985)
↑ Historical Dictionary of Argentina. Scarecrow Press, 1978.
↑ Clarín. February 12, 1989

Juan Domingo Perón

Policy	Five-Year Plans of Argentina Railway nationalization in Argentina IAME Huemul Project Third Position

Politics	GOU Descamisado Loyalty Day Peronism Labour Party CGT Argentine Constitution of 1949 ATLAS Unión Popular Grupo Cine Liberación Ezeiza massacre Expulsion of Montoneros from Plaza de Mayo 1946 election 1948 election 1951 election 1954 election 1973 election

Key associates	Juan Manuel Abal Medina Jorge Antonio Raúl Apold Ángel Borlenghi Juan Atilio Bramuglia Antonio Cafiero Héctor Cámpora Andrés Framini Licio Gelli Lorenzo Miguel José López Rega Domingo Mercante Delia Parodi Juan Pistarini José Ignacio Rucci Alberto Teisaire Augusto Vandor

Anti-Peronism	Ricardo Balbín Spruille Braden Bombing of Plaza de Mayo Revolución Libertadora

Personal	Early life Eva Perón Isabel Martínez de Perón Hands of Perón

See also	La vida por Perón Perón: Apuntes para una biografía Puerta de Hierro, el exilio de Perón

Railway Companies in Argentina

Current

State-owned	Ferrobaires Ferrocarriles Argentinos (2015) Tren Patagónico Trenes Argentinos Trenes Argentinos CyL

Private	Ferroexpreso Pampeano Ferrosur Roca Ferrovías Metrovías NCA

Defunct

State-owned

Private

Argentine	Argentren BAP Buenos Aires Central Corredores Ferroviarios Ferrocentral Mediterráneos Metropolitano Península Valdés TBA TEA TUFESA

Foreign	ALL Argentine Great Western Bahía Blanca & NW BA Great Southern BA Northern BA & Ensenada BA & Pacific BA & Rosario Central Argentine Central Chubut Córdoba Central Córdoba North Western Córdoba & Rosario Compañía General de Buenos Aires Entre Ríos East Argentine Midland North Eastern North Western Prov. Santa Fe Rosario & Puerto Belgrano San Cristóbal a Tucumán Santa Fe & Córdoba GS Santa Fe Western Villa María & Rufino

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