Indira Gandhi Canal
| Indira Gandhi canal | |
| Canal | |
| Country | India |
|---|---|
| Source | Harike barrage |
| - location | Punjab |
| Discharge | |
| - average | 138 m3/s (4,873 cu ft/s) [1] |
The Indira Gandhi Canal is one of the largest canal projects in India. It starts from the Harike Barrage at Firozpur, a few kilometers below the confluence of the Satluj and Beas rivers in the Indian state of Punjab and terminates in irrigation facilities in the Thar Desert in the north west of Rajasthan state. Previously known as the Rajasthan Canal, it was renamed the Indira Gandhi Canal in 1985 following the assassination of Prime Minister Indira Gandhi. The canal consists of the Rajasthan feeder canal with the first 167 kilometres (104 mi) in Punjab and Haryana state and a further 37 kilometres (23 mi) in Rajasthan followed by the 445 kilometres (277 mi) of the Rajasthan main canal, which is entirely within Rajasthan. The canal enters Haryana from Punjab near Lohgarh village then runs through the western part of the Sirsa district before entering Rajasthan near Kharakhera village in the Tibbi tehsil of the Hanumangarh district. The canal traverses seven districts of Rajasthan: Barmer, Bikaner, Churu, Hanumangarh, Jaisalmer, Jodhpur, and Sriganganagar.
Design and Construction
The idea of bringing the waters from the Himalayan Rivers flowing through Punjab and into Pakistan was conceived by an hydraulic engineer, Kanwar Sain in the late 1940s who proposed that 2 million hectares of desert land in Bikaner and the northwest corner of Jaisalmer could be brought under irrigation from the stored waters of Punjab rivers. In 1960, Indus Water Treaty was signed between India and Pakistan which gave India the right to use waters of three rivers – Satluj, Beas and Ravi. The proposed Rajasthan Canal envisaged use of 7.6 million acre feet of water.[2]
The initial plan was to build the canal in two stages, Stage I consisting of 204 km feeder canal from Harike barrage in Punjab. Stage I also included constructing distributary canal system of about 2950 km in length. The stage II involved construction of 256 km long main canal and distributary canal network of 3600 km. It was planned that the main canal will be 140 ft (42.5 m) wide at the top and 116 ft (35.3 m) wide at the bottom with water depth of 21 ft. (6.4 m). The canal was scheduled to be completed by 1971.
The stage I could not be completed in time due to severe financial constraints, neglect and corruption. In 1970 the plan was revised and it was decided that the entire canal will be lined with concrete tiles. Five more lift schemes were added. Flow command of stage II was increased by 1,00,000 hectares. With increased requirements, the total length of main, feeder and distribution canals was about 9245 km. The stage I was completed in 1983 around 20 years behind the completion schedule
The Green revolution in Rajasthan
After the construction of the Indira Gandhi Canal, irrigation facilities were available over an area of 6770 km² in Jaisalmer district and 37 km² in Barmer district.Irrigation had already been provided in an area of 3670 km² in Jaisalmer district. The canal has transformed the barren deserts of this district into rich and lush fields.Crops of mustard, cotton, and wheat now flourish in this semi-arid north-western region replacing the sand there previously.
Improvement in living standard
Besides providing water for agriculture, the canal will supply drinking water to hundreds of people in far-flung areas.
As the second stage of work on the canal progresses rapidly, there is hope that it will enhance the living standards of the people of the state.
Sand dune stabilization
The Indira Gandhi Canal is a major step in reclaiming the Thar Desert and checking desertification of fertile areas. There is a planting programme for greening the desert in areas near the Indira Gandhi Canal which was started in 1965. This consists of the planting of shelter belts along roads and canals, blocks of plantations and sand dune stabilization. The tree species being used for planting are Dalbergia sissoo, Eucalyptus tereticornis, Eucalyptus camaldulensis, Morus alba, Tecomella undulata, Acacia tortilis, Azadirachta indica, Albizia lebbeck, Cassia fistula, Populus ciliata, Melia azedarach, and Vachellia nilotica.
Environmental problems
The excessive irrigation and intensification of agriculture over the years has caused environmental degradation and creation of new wastelands. There have been problems with water-logging caused by excessive irrigation, seepage from canals and poor drainage. These factors produced a rise in the water table, increased salinity and finally submergence of the land. These problems have been exacerbated by the cultivation of water intensive cash crops such as wheat and rice.
References
- ↑ "Indira Gandhi Nahar Project". Water Resources Department, Government of Rajasthan. 2009-01-15. Retrieved 2014-05-25.
- ↑ Ramtanu Maitra: The Indira Gandhi Canal: greening the desert in India EIR Volume 14, Number 7, February 13, 1987
- Anon. 1998. Statistical Abstract Rajasthan. Directorate of Economic and Statistics, Rajasthan, Jaipur
- Balak Ram, 1999. Report on Wastelands in Hanumangarh district, Rajasthan.CAZRI, Jodhpur
- Kavadia, P.S. 1991. Problem of waterlogging in Indira Gandhi Nahar Project and outline of Action Plan to tackle it.
- Singh, S. and Kar, A. 1997. Desertification Control - In the arid ecosystem of India for sustainable development. Agro-Botanical Publishers, Bikaner
- Burdak, LR, 1982. Recent advances in Desert Afforestation, Dehradun